Campbell Biology (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321775658
Author: Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 34, Problem 8TYU
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY • DRAW IT As a consequence of size alone, larger organisms tend to have larger brains than smaller organisms. However, some organisms have brains that are considerably larger than expected for their size. There are high energetic costs associated with the development and mainte- nance of brains that are large relative to body size.
- (a) The fossil record documents trends in which brains that are large relative to body size evolved in certain lineages, including hominins. In such lineages, what can you infer about the costs and benefits of large brains?
- (b) Hypothesize how natural selection might favor the evolution of large brains despite their high maintenance costs.
- (c) Data for 14 bird species are listed below. Graph the data, placing deviation from expected brain size on the x-axis and mortality rate 011 the y-axis. What can you conclude about the relationship between brain size and mortality?
| Deviation from Expected Brain Size* | -2.4 | -2.1 | -2.0 | -1.8 | -1.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
| Mortality Rate | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
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1. Concept Check
The similarity in bone structure and arrangement between cats and
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2. Concept Check
Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism
of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of
the following were part of Darwin's observations?
a) Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than
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b) Individuals in some populations have varied characteristics.
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d) all of the above
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In the lineage leading to tetrapods, the fins of aquatic
wertebrates evolved into the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates.
Give two pieces of evidence that support this hypothesis,
and briefly describe the selective pressure(s) that led to the
evolution of limbs in early tetrapods (Note - your answer
should specifically address the evolution of limbs, not the general
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!!!
Mammals have a particularly good sense of earing thanks to their inner ear which includes three tiny bones. Reptiles, in contrast, have a single inner ear bone. The lower jaw of reptiles is composed of multiple bones while the lower jaw of mammals is a single bone. Fossil and developmental evidence indicate that the inner ear bones of mammals evolved from lower jawbones. This suggests that the inner ear bones of mammals are
1. an analogy
2. an exaptation
3. a living fossil
4. a transitional trait
5. a vestigial structure
Chapter 34 Solutions
Campbell Biology (10th Edition)
Ch. 34.1 - Identify four derived characters that all...Ch. 34.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.1 - VISUAL SKILLS Based on the phylogenetic tree...Ch. 34.2 - How are differences in the anatomy of lampreys and...Ch. 34.2 - WHAT IF? In several different animal lineages,...Ch. 34.2 - WHAT IF? Suggest key roles that mineralized bone...Ch. 34.3 - What derived characters do sharks and tuna share?...Ch. 34.3 - Describe key adaptations of aquatic gnathostomes.Ch. 34.3 - draw it Redraw Figure 34.2 to show four lineages:...Ch. 34.3 - WHAT IF? Imagine that we could replay the history...
Ch. 34.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.4 - Some amphibians never leave the water, whereas...Ch. 34.4 - WHAT IF? Scientists think that amphibian...Ch. 34.5 - Describe three key amniote adaptations for life on...Ch. 34.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.5 - Identify four avian adaptations for flight.Ch. 34.5 - Prob. 4CCCh. 34.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 34.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 34.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Develop a hypothesis to explain...Ch. 34.7 - Identify some characters that distinguish hominins...Ch. 34.7 - Provide an example in which different features of...Ch. 34.7 - WHAT IF? Some genetic studies suggest that the...Ch. 34 - Describe likely features of the common ancestor of...Ch. 34 - Identify the shared features of early fossil...Ch. 34 - How would the appearance of organisms with jaws...Ch. 34 - Which features of amphibians restrict most species...Ch. 34 - Explain why birds are considered reptiles.Ch. 34 - Describe the origm and early evolution of mammals.Ch. 34 - Prob. 34.7CRCh. 34 - Vertebrates and tunicates share (A) jaws adapted...Ch. 34 - Living vertebrates can be divided into two major...Ch. 34 - Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials...Ch. 34 - Which clade does not include humans? (A)synapsids...Ch. 34 - As hominins diverged from other primates, which of...Ch. 34 - Which of the following could be considered the...Ch. 34 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 34 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT As a consequence of...Ch. 34 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 34 - Prob. 10TYU
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