1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 2 Describing Motion: Kinematics In One Dimension 3 Kinematics In Two Or Three Dimensions; Vectors 4 Dynamics: Newton's Laws Of Motion 5 Using Newton's Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces 6 Gravitation And Newton's Synthesis 7 Work And Energy 8 Conservation Of Energy 9 Linear Momentum 10 Rotationalmotion 11 Angular Momentum; General Rotation 12 Static Equilibrium; Elasticity And Fracture 13 Fluids 14 Oscillations 15 Wave Motion 16 Sound 17 Temperature, Thermal Expansion And The Ideal Gas Law 18 Kinetic Theory Of Gases 19 Heat And The First Law Of Thermodynamics 20 Second Law Of Thermodynamics 21 Electric Charge And Electric Field 22 Gauss's Law 23 Electric Potential 24 Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy Storage 25 Electric Currents And Resistance 26 Dc Circuits 27 Magnetism 28 Sources Of Magnetic Field 29 Electromagnetic Induction And Faraday's Law 30 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, And Ac Circuits 31 Maxwell's Equation And Electromagnetic Waves 32 Light: Reflection And Refraction 33 Lenses And Optical Instruments 34 The Wave Nature Of Light: Interference 35 Diffraction And Polarization 36 Special Theory Of Relativity 37 Early Quantum Theory And Models Of The Atom 38 Quantum Mechanics 39 Quantum Mechanics Of Atoms 40 Molecules And Solids 41 Nuclear Physics And Radioactivity 42 Nuclear Energy; Effects And Uses Of Radiation 43 Elementary Particles 44 Astrophysics And Cosmology expand_more
32.1 The Ray Model Of Light 32.2 Reflection; Image Formation By A Plane Mirror 32.3 Formation Of Images By Spherical Mirrors 32.4 Index Of Refraction 32.5 Refraction: Snell’s Law 32.6 Visible Spectrum And Dispersion 32.7 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics 32.8 Refraction At A Spherical Surface Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1Q: What would be the appearance of the Moon if it had (a) a rough surface; (b) a polished mirrorlike... Problem 2Q: Archimedes is said to have burned the whole Roman fleet in the harbor of Syracuse by focusing the... Problem 3Q: What is the focal length of a plane mirror? What is the magnification of a plane mirror? Problem 4Q: An object is placed along the principal axis of a spherical mirror. The magnification of the object... Problem 5Q: Using the rules for the three rays discussed with reference to Fig. 3215, draw ray 2 for Fig. 3219b. Problem 6Q Problem 7Q: If a concave mirror produces a real image, is the image necessarily inverted? Problem 8Q Problem 9Q: When you look at the Moons reflection from a ripply sea, it appears elongated (Fig. 3241). Explain.... Problem 10Q: How can a spherical mirror have a negative object distance? Problem 11Q Problem 12Q: When you look down into a swimming pool or a lake, are you likely to overestimate or underestimate... Problem 13Q: Draw a ray diagram to show why a stick looks bent when part of it is under water (Fig. 3223). Problem 14Q Problem 15Q: You look into an aquarium and view a fish inside. One ray of light from the fish as it emerges from... Problem 16Q Problem 17Q: A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fig. 3243). Rank the materials... Problem 18Q: Can a light ray traveling in air be totally reflected when it strikes a smooth water surface if the... Problem 19Q: When you look up at an object in air from beneath the surface in a swimming pool, does the object... Problem 20Q: What type of mirror is shown in Fig. 3244? Problem 21Q: Light rays from stars (including our Sun) always bend toward the vertical direction as they pass... Problem 1P: (I) When you look at yourself in a 60-cm-tall plane mirror, you see the same amount of your body... Problem 2P: (I) Suppose that you want to take a photograph of yourself as you look at your image in a mirror... Problem 3P: (II) Two plane mirrors meet at a 135 angle, Fig. 3245. If light rays strike one mirror at 38 as... Problem 4P: (II) A person whose eyes are 1.64 m above the floor stands 2.30 m in front of a vertical plane... Problem 5P: (II) Show that if two plane mirrors meet at an angle , a single ray reflected successively from both... Problem 6P: (II) Suppose you are 88 cm from a plane mirror. What area of the mirror is used to reflect the rays... Problem 7P: (II) Stand up two plane minors so they form a 90.0 angle as in Fig. 32-47. When you look into this... Problem 8P: (III) Suppose a third mirror is placed beneath the two shown in Fig.3247, so that all three are... Problem 9P: (I) A solar cooker, really a concave mirror pointed at the Sun, focuses the Suns rays 18.8 cm in... Problem 10P: (I) How far from a concave mirror (radius 24.0cm) must an object he placed if its image is to be at... Problem 11P: (I) When walking toward a concave mirror you notice that the image flips at a distance of 0.50 m.... Problem 12P: (II) A small candle is 35 cm from a concave mirror having a radius of curvature of 24 cm. (a) What... Problem 13P: (II) You look at yourself in a shiny 9.2-cm-diameter Christmas tree ball. If your face is 25.0 cm... Problem 14P: (II) A mirror at an amusement park shows an upright image of any person who stands 1.7 m in front of... Problem 15P: (II) A dentist wants a small mirror that, when 2.00 cm from a tooth, will produce a 4.0 upright... Problem 16P: (II) Some rearview mirrors produce images of cars to your rear that are smaller than they would be... Problem 17P: (II) You are standing 3.0 m from a convex security mirror in a store. You estimate the height of... Problem 18P: (II) An object 3.0 mm high is placed 18 cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 18 cm. (a)... Problem 19P: (II) The image of a distant tree is virtual and very small when viewed in a curved mirror. The image... Problem 20P: (II) Use two techniques, (a) a ray diagram, and (b) the mirror equation, to show that the magnitude... Problem 21P: (II) Show, using a ray diagram, that the magnification m of a convex mirror is m = di/do, just as... Problem 22P: (II) Use ray diagrams to show that the mirror equation. Eq. 322, is valid for J convex mirror as... Problem 23P: (II) The magnification of a convex mirror is +0.55 for objects 3.2 m from the mirror. What is the... Problem 24P: (II) (a) Where should an object be placed in front of a concave mirror so that it produces an image... Problem 25P: (II) A 4.5-cm tall object is placed 26 cm in front of a spherical mirror. It is desired to produce a... Problem 26P: (II) A shaving or makeup mirror is designed to magnify your face by a factor of 1.35 when your face... Problem 28P: (II) Let the focal length of a convex mirror be written as f = |f|. Show that the magnification m of... Problem 29P: (II) A spherical mirror of focal length f produces an image of an object with magnification m. (a)... Problem 30P Problem 31P: (III) A short thin object (like a short length of wire) of length is placed along the axis of a... Problem 32P: (I) The speed of light in ice is 2.29 108 m/s. What is the index of refraction of ice? Problem 33P: (I) What is the speed of light in (a) ethyl alcohol, (b) lucite, (c) crown glass? Problem 34P: (I) Our nearest star (other than the Sun) is 4.2 light years away. That is, it takes 4.2 years for... Problem 35P: (I) How long does it take light to reach us from the Sun, 1.50 108 km away? Problem 36P: (II) The speed of light in a certain substance is 88% of its value in water. What is the index of... Problem 37P: (II) Light is emitted from an ordinary lightbulb filament in wave-train bursts of about 108 s in... Problem 38P: (I) A diver shines a flashlight upward from beneath the water at a 38.5 angle to the vertical. At... Problem 39P: (I) A flashlight beam strikes the surface of a pane of glass (n = 1.56) at a 63 angle to the normal.... Problem 40P Problem 41P: (I) A light beam coming from an underwater spotlight exits the water at an angle of 56.0. At what... Problem 42P: (II) A beam of light in air strikes a slab of glass (n = 1.56) and is partially reflected and... Problem 43P: (II) A light beam strikes a 2.0-cm-thick piece of plastic with a refractive index of 1.62 at a 45... Problem 44P: (II) An aquarium filled with water has flat glass sides whose index of refraction is 1.56. A beam of... Problem 45P: (II) In searching the bottom of a pool at night, a watchman shines a narrow beam of light from his... Problem 46P: (II) The block of glass (n = 1.5) shown in cross section in Fig. 3251 is surrounded by air. A ray of... Problem 47P: (II) A laser beam of diameter d1 = 3.0 mm in air has an incident angle 1=25 at a flat airglass... Problem 48P: (II) Light is incident on an equilateral glass prism at a 45.0angle to one face, Fig. 3252.... Problem 49P: (II) A triangular prism made of crown glass (n = 1.52) with base angles of 30.0 is surrounded by... Problem 50P: (II) Show in general that for a light beam incident on a uniform layer of transparent material, as... Problem 51P: (III) A light ray is incident on a flat piece of glass with index of refraction n as in Fig. 3224.... Problem 52P: (I) By what percent is the speed of blue light (450 nm) less than the speed of red light (680 nm),... Problem 53P: (I) A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a 60.00 incident angle. The beam contains two... Problem 54P: (II) A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, 1 = 465 nm and 2 = 652 nm, enters the... Problem 55P: (III) A ray of light with wavelength is incident from air at precisely 60 ( = ) on a spherical... Problem 56P: (III) For visible light, the index of refraction n of glass is roughly 1.5, although this value... Problem 57P: (I) What is the critical angle for the interlace between water and diamond? To be internally... Problem 58P: (I) The critical angle for a certain liquidair surface is 49.6. What is the index of refraction of... Problem 59P: (II) A beam of light is emitted in a pool of water from a depth of 72.0 cm. Where must it strike the... Problem 60P: (II) A ray of light, after entering a light fiber, reflects at an angle of 14.5 with the long axis... Problem 61P: (II) A beam of light is emitted 8.0cm beneath the surface of a liquid and strikes the surface 7.6 cm... Problem 62P: (II) Figure 3257 shows a liquid-detecting prism device that might be used inside a washing machine... Problem 63P: (II) Two rays A and B travel down a cylindrical optical fiber of diameter d = 75.0 m, length =... Problem 64P: (II) (a) What is the minimum index of refraction for a glass or plastic prism to be used in... Problem 65P: (III) Suppose a ray strikes the left face of the prism in Fig. 3252 at 45.0 as shown, but is totally... Problem 66P: (III) A beam of light enters the end of an optic fiber as shown in Fig. 3259. (a) Show that we can... Problem 67P: (II) A 13.0-cm-thick plane piece of glass (n = 1.58) lies on the surface of a 12.0-cm-deep pool of... Problem 68P: (II) A fish is swimming in water inside a thin spherical glass bowl of uniform thickness. Assuming... Problem 69P: (III) In Section 32-8, we derived Eq. 32-8 for a convex spherical surface with n2 n1. Using the... Problem 71GP: Two identical concave mirrors are set facing each other 1.0 m apart. A small lighlbulb is placed... Problem 72GP: A slab of thickness D, whose two faces are parallel, has index of refraction n. A ray of light... Problem 73GP: Two plane mirrors are facing each other 2.2 m apart as in Fig. 3261. You stand 1.5 m away from one... Problem 74GP: We wish to determine the depth of a swimming pool filled with water by measuring the width (x = 5.50... Problem 75GP: A 1.80-m-tall person stands 3.80 m from a convex mirror and notices that he looks precisely half as... Problem 76GP Problem 77GP: Each student in a physics lab is assigned to find the location where a bright object may be placed... Problem 78GP: A kaleidoscope makes symmetric patterns with two plane mirrors having a 60 angle between them as... Problem 79GP: When light passes through a prism, the angle that the refracted ray makes relative to the incident... Problem 80GP: If the apex angle of a prism is = 72 (see Fig. 3264), what is the minimum incident angle for a ray... Problem 81GP: Fermats principle slates that light travels between two points along the path that requires the... Problem 82GP: Suppose Fig. 3236 shows a cylindrical rod whose end has a radius of curvature R = 2.0 cm, and the... Problem 83GP: An optical fiber is a long transparent cylinder of diameter d and index of refraction n. If this... Problem 84GP: An object is placed 15 cm from a certain mirror. The image is half the height of the object,... Problem 85GP: The end faces of a cylindrical glass rod (n = 1.51) are perpendicular to the sides. Show that a... Problem 86GP: The paint used or highway signs often contains small transparent spheres which provide nighttime... format_list_bulleted