Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
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Chapter 3, Problem 3PDT
Summary Introduction
To explain: The way in which individually advantageous feature causes greater species diversity.
Introduction: A feature that turns advantageous to an individual organism causes a greater number of species in certain clades. For example, wings have been advantageous to cause the great diversity of winged insects compared to a few species of primitively wingless insects.
Summary Introduction
To explain: The method for testing the hypothesis that a certain feature can cause a great diversity of certain groups of organisms.
Introduction: A hypothesis is an assumption based on some known fact but yet to prove it. Biological diversity is the variation among organisms which indicates species richness.
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If the phylogenetic species concept (PSC) were used to define species, rather than the biological species concept (BSC), how might that change the estimates of species diversity (numbers of species) on a worldwide basis?
True or False: Estimates of species diversity are likely to change if the PSC is used. In particular, one would expect the number of species to increase. This is because individuals from divergent allopatric populations that can potentially interbreed would belong to the same species under the BSC. These same organisms would be classified as members of different species under the PSC.
n which situation would it make sense to use the morphological species concept?
When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed
When working with fossils from extinct organisms
When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study
When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive data
What is a reason that speciation can occur?
Organisms within a species are brought into closer proximity by a physical barrier.
Organisms within an ecosystem make adaptions that involve different breeding times or interactions.
Organisms develop traits that are not beneficial to their survival, and these traits are passed from generation to generation.
Organisms develop traits that are beneficial and pass on the same traits to all future generations within the same species.
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- Many pairs of sister taxa differ markedly in their numbers of extant species. In this chapter we saw huge disparities—for example, between lepidopterans and their sister group, caddisflies. What factors (both general and specific) might account for differences among taxa in their numbers of extant species? Suggest methods for determining which factor might actually account for an observed difference.arrow_forwardn which situation would it make sense to use the phylogenetic species concept? When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive data When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study When working with fossils from extinct organismsarrow_forwardThe biological species concept is based on the assumption that species are reproductively isolated and do not share genes. And yet a number of organisms that are considered different species hybridize (mate and exchange genes). Hybridization between different species is more common in plants than in animals. Propose some possible reasons for this difference.arrow_forward
- Observe the three species of fruit fly and their evolutionary relationships in the tree below: Fly species 1 MRCA of fly species 1 & 2 Fly species 2 Note that the three fly species have the following characteristics: Fly species 1: white eyes, lots of leg bristles, striped wings Fly species 2: red eyes, lots of leg bristles, striped wings Distant relative: white eyes, lots of leg bristles, plain wings Distant relative Q3. What are the most likely characteristics of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of fly species 1 and fly species 2, labeled in the diagram above? Lots of leg bristles; can't tell on the other two traits Lots of leg bristles, striped wings; can't tell on eye color Lots of leg bristles, striped wings, red eyes Lots of leg bristles, striped wings, white eyesarrow_forwardIt is possible for two different genes to imply different phylogenetic relationships among a group of species. What are the possible reasons for this? If there is only one true history of formation of these species, what might we do in order to determine which (if either) gene accurately portrays that history? Is it possible for both phylogenetic trees to be accurate even if there has been only one history of species divergence?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true regarding the way we define clades with characters? Select one: a. Autapomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages b. Plesiomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages c. Synapomorphies are good characters to use because they describe every lineage of the clade and no other lineages Please give me the correct answer quickly I will give you upvotearrow_forward
- Compare the forms of speciation that are slow to those that occur more rapidly. Make a list of the slow and fast forms. With regard to mechanisms of genetic change, what features do slow and rapid speciation have in common? What features are different?arrow_forwardSpecies A and B have long wings, whereas species C has short wings. Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy? A. DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species B. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had short wings C. DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species D. Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A, B, and C had long wings E. Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings, whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wingsarrow_forwardTwo biologists are arguing at a conference. One says that the Biological Species Concept (BSC) is superior. Her colleague argues that a different species concept is needed. Which of the following claims of the biologist are true and which are false? 1. The BSC potentially would work for all multicellular organisms. 2. A Morphological Species Concept would work better for cryptic species than the BSC. 3. If two populations of snails are separated by a huge distance, they cannot mate. This means the BSC cannot apply to them.arrow_forward
- Originally, the main task of taxonomists was to discover new species and give them unique names. In a natural system of classification, they must also figure out the evolutionary relationships of the species they discover. Which do you think is more difficult: the original task or the modern one? Describe some of the reasons why it is more difficult.arrow_forwardHow does the biological species concept differ from earlier typological concepts of a species? Why do evolutionary biologists prefer it to typological species concepts?arrow_forwardShould one line of evidence hold more weight than another when we discuss the classification of species? Or should all lines of evidence be weighed equally?arrow_forward
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