The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response. Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.

Answer 6

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

Answer 7

Chapter 3, Problem 1RE

A.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The significance of pain in relation to inflammatory response.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory drugs are the ones that reduce the inflammation or enlargement of tissues or cells caused due to several reasons like infection, release of inflammatory molecules, hypersensitivity, and so on.

Answer 8

A.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammatory response is accompanied by five cardinal signs of inflammation that include rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), calor (increased temperature or heat) and functio laesa (loss of function). Redness and increased heat is due to increase in blood circulation in the site of inflammation. Pain is major sign of inflammation that occurs due chemicals that stimulate nerve endings especially the pain receptors. Pain occurs only when the appropriate sensory nerve endings in the inflamed site and because of the release of pain inducing chemicals like bradykinins and histamine.

Answer 9

A.

Expert Solution

Answer 10

A.

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

Answer 13

B.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The cause of fever and elevated white blood cell count.

Introduction: The symptoms of local inflammation include rubor (redness), heat (calor), swelling (tumour) due to the increased flow of blood and also increased vascular permeability that is accompanied by pain (dolor) that is due to the chemical mediators acting on the pain receptors

Answer 14

B.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The inflammation is caused from infection or from cell and tissue injury. The injured or infected tissue triggers the immune system of the body that recruits the defense mechanism of the body by sending white blood cells to the affected site. The macrophages constitute the largest portion of the white blood cells that reach the site of infection followed by basophils that release histamines and other inflammatory agents.

Thus, the white blood count id elevated during infection or tissue injury. Fever during inflammatory is caused by the released of substance called pyrogens that increase the blood circulation at the affected site to allow flow of inflammatory agents, macrophages, complement proteins and so on. The increase in the rate of blood circulation raises the body temperature and causes fever. Pyrogens released include interleukins, tumor necrosis factor during sever infections and stimulate the brain capillaries to produce PGE2 (prostagolandin 2) that causes inflammation.

Answer 15

B.

Expert Solution

Answer 16

B.

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.

Answer 19

C.

Summary Introduction

To determine: The preferred treatment for abdominal pain, fever and elevated blood count.

Introduction: The disease can be of several types and are differentiated on the basis of various parameters. Depending upon the onset of the disease symptoms and the time period of infection the diseases are divided into acute infections and chronic infections.

Answer 20

C.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The abdominal pain, elevated white blood cell count (mainly neutrophils) along with fever is some common symptoms associated with many diseases like bacterial infection. Food or water borne disease or even appendicitis. Appendicitis is the inflammation of appendix from bacterial infection. The course of treatment for appendicitis include surgery in severe cases to remove appendix, antibiotics to treat bacterial infection and to prevent the possibility of post surgery sepsis, pain relievers, intravenous fluids and liquid diet.