College Physics
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168000
Author: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 27, Problem 37CQ
Explain how microscopes can use wave optics to improve contrast and why this is important.
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1. A diffraction-limited
telescope with a 7.6 cm aperture is aimed at target 12.5 km
away. Assuming light of 590 nm wavelength and neglecting air turbulence, what size
details can be resolved by the telescope?
A. 10 cm
B. 11cm
C. 12 cm
D. 13 cm
Observing Jupiter. You are asked to design a space telescope for earth orbit. When Jupiter is 5.93 * 108 km away (its closest approach to the earth), the telescope is to resolve, by Rayleigh’s criterion, features on Jupiter that are 250 km apart. What minimum-diameter mirror is required? Assume a wavelength of 500 nm.
A regular microscope has a limiting angle of resolution of 0.000040. To get better resolution, I fill it with an oil of refractive index 1.55. What is the new limiting angle of resolution of the oil-filled microscope?
a) 0.0000620
b) 0.000040
c) 0.0000260
d) none of these.
Chapter 27 Solutions
College Physics
Ch. 27 - What type of experimental evidence indicates that...Ch. 27 - Give an example of a wave characteristic of light...Ch. 27 - How do wave effects depend on the size of the...Ch. 27 - Under what conditions can light be modeled like a...Ch. 27 - Go outside in the sunlight and observe your...Ch. 27 - Why does the wavelength of light decrease when it...Ch. 27 - Does Huygens's principle apply to all types of...Ch. 27 - Young's double slit experiment breaks a single...Ch. 27 - Suppose you use the same double slit to perform...Ch. 27 - Is it possible to create a situation in which...
Ch. 27 - Figure 27.55 shows the central part of the...Ch. 27 - What is the advantage of a diffraction grating...Ch. 27 - What are the advantages of a diffraction grating...Ch. 27 - Can the lines in a diffraction grating be too...Ch. 27 - If a beam of white light passes through a...Ch. 27 - Suppose pure-wavelength light falls on a...Ch. 27 - Suppose a feather appears green but has no green...Ch. 27 - It is possible that there is no minimum in the...Ch. 27 - As the width of the slit producing a single-slit...Ch. 27 - A beam of light always spreads out. Why can a beam...Ch. 27 - What effect does increasing the wedge angle have...Ch. 27 - How is the difference in paths taken by two...Ch. 27 - Is there a phase change in the light reflected...Ch. 27 - In placing a sample on a microscope slide, a glass...Ch. 27 - Answer the above question if the fluid between the...Ch. 27 - While contemplating the food value of a slice of...Ch. 27 - An inventor notices that a soap bubble is dark at...Ch. 27 - A non-reflective coating like the one described in...Ch. 27 - Why is it much more difficult to see interference...Ch. 27 - Under what circumstances is the phase of light...Ch. 27 - Can a sound wave in air be polarized? Explain.Ch. 27 - No light passes through two perfect polarizing...Ch. 27 - Explain what happens to the energy carried by...Ch. 27 - When particles scattering light are smaller than...Ch. 27 - Using the information given in the preceding...Ch. 27 - When light is reflected at Brewster's angle from a...Ch. 27 - Explain how microscopes can use wave optics to...Ch. 27 - A bright white light under water is collimated and...Ch. 27 - Show that when light passes from air to water, its...Ch. 27 - Find the range of visible wavelengths of light in...Ch. 27 - What is the index of refraction of a material for...Ch. 27 - Analysis of an interference effect in a clear...Ch. 27 - What is the ratio of thicknesses of crown glass...Ch. 27 - At what angle is the first-order maximum for...Ch. 27 - Calculate the angle for the third-order maximum of...Ch. 27 - What is the separation between two slits for which...Ch. 27 - Find the distance between two slits that produces...Ch. 27 - Calculate the wavelength of light that has its...Ch. 27 - What is the wavelength of light falling on double...Ch. 27 - At what angle is the fourth-order maximum for the...Ch. 27 - What is the highest-order maximum for 400-nm light...Ch. 27 - Find the largest wavelength of light falling on...Ch. 27 - What is the smallest separation between two slits...Ch. 27 - (a) What is the smallest separation between two...Ch. 27 - (a) If the first-order maximum for pure-wavelength...Ch. 27 - Figure 27.56 shows a double slit located a...Ch. 27 - Using the result of the problem above, calculate...Ch. 27 - Using the result of the problem two problems...Ch. 27 - A diffraction grating has 2000 lines per...Ch. 27 - Find the angle for the third-order maximum for...Ch. 27 - How many lines per centimeter are there on a...Ch. 27 - What is the distance between lines on a...Ch. 27 - Calculate the wavelength of light that has its...Ch. 27 - An electric current through hydrogen gas produces...Ch. 27 - (a) What do the four angles in the above problem...Ch. 27 - What is the maximum number of lines per centimeter...Ch. 27 - The yellow light from a sodium vapor lamp seems to...Ch. 27 - What is the spacing between structures in a...Ch. 27 - Structures on a bird feather act like a reflection...Ch. 27 - An opal such as that shown in Figure 27.17 acts...Ch. 27 - At what angle does a diffraction grating produces...Ch. 27 - Show that a diffraction grating cannot produce a...Ch. 27 - If a diffraction grating produces a first-order...Ch. 27 - (a) Find the maximum number of lines per...Ch. 27 - €37. (a) Show that a 30,000-line-per-centimeter...Ch. 27 - A He—Ne laser beam is reflected from the surface...Ch. 27 - The analysis shown in the figure below also...Ch. 27 - Unreasonable Results Red light of wavelength of...Ch. 27 - Unreasonable Results (a) What visible wavelength...Ch. 27 - Construct Your Own Problem Consider a spectrometer...Ch. 27 - (a) At what angle is the first minimum for 550-nm...Ch. 27 - (a) Calculate the angle at which a 2.00- m -wide...Ch. 27 - (a) How wide is a single slit that produces its...Ch. 27 - (a) What is the width of a single slit that...Ch. 27 - Find the wavelength of light that has its third...Ch. 27 - Calculate the wavelength of light that produces...Ch. 27 - (a) Sodium vapor light averaging 589 nm in...Ch. 27 - (a) Find the angle of the third diffraction...Ch. 27 - (a) Find the angle between the first minima for...Ch. 27 - (a) What is the minimum width of a single slit (in...Ch. 27 - (a) If a single slit produces a first minimum at...Ch. 27 - A double slit produces a diffraction pattern that...Ch. 27 - Integrated Concepts A water break at the entrance...Ch. 27 - Integrated Concepts An aircraft maintenance...Ch. 27 - The 300-m-diameter Arecibo radio telescope...Ch. 27 - Assuming the angular resolution found for the...Ch. 27 - Diffraction spreading for a flashlight is...Ch. 27 - (a) What is the minimum angular spread of a 633-nm...Ch. 27 - A telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of...Ch. 27 - The limit to the eye's acuity is actually related...Ch. 27 - What is the minimum diameter mirror on a telescope...Ch. 27 - You are told not to shoot until you see the whites...Ch. 27 - (a) The planet Pluto and its Moon Charon are...Ch. 27 - The headlights of a car are 1.3 m apart. What is...Ch. 27 - When dots are placed on a page from a laser...Ch. 27 - Unreasonable Results An amateur astronomer wants...Ch. 27 - Construct Your Own Problem Consider diffraction...Ch. 27 - A soap bubble is 100 nm thick and illuminated by...Ch. 27 - An oil slick on water is 120 nm thick and...Ch. 27 - Calculate the minimum thickness of an oil slick on...Ch. 27 - Find the minimum thickness of a soap bubble that...Ch. 27 - A film of soapy water (n=1.33) on top of a plastic...Ch. 27 - What are the three smallest non-zero thicknesses...Ch. 27 - Suppose you have a lens system that is to be used...Ch. 27 - (a) As a soap bubble thins it becomes dark,...Ch. 27 - A film of oil on water will appear dark when it is...Ch. 27 - Figure 27.34 shows two glass slides illuminated by...Ch. 27 - Figure 27.34 shows two 7.50-cm-long glass slides...Ch. 27 - Repeat Exercise 27.70, but take the light to be...Ch. 27 - Repeat Exercise 27.71, but take the light to be...Ch. 27 - Unreasonable Results To save money on making...Ch. 27 - What angle is needed between the direction of...Ch. 27 - The angle between the axes of two polarizing...Ch. 27 - If you have completely polarized light of...Ch. 27 - What angle would the axis of a polarizing filter...Ch. 27 - At the end of Example 27.8, it was stated that the...Ch. 27 - Show that if you have three polarizing filters,...Ch. 27 - Prove that, if I is the intensity of light...Ch. 27 - At what angle will light reflected from diamond be...Ch. 27 - What is Brewster's angle for light traveling in...Ch. 27 - A scuba diver sees light reflected from the...Ch. 27 - At what angle is light inside crown glass...Ch. 27 - Light reflected at 55.6° from a window is...Ch. 27 - (a) Light reflected at 62.5° from a gemstone in a...Ch. 27 - If b is Brewster's angle for light reflected from...Ch. 27 - Integrated Concepts If a polarizing filter reduces...Ch. 27 - Integrated Concepts Suppose you put on two pairs...Ch. 27 - Integrated Concepts (a) On a day when the...
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- I need help with this homework I’m trying to figure out what will give better resolution. Two lenses with numerical aperture of 1 and 1.25 are used to view a specimen using light that has a wavelength of 600nm. Which one will give better resolution Of all the objective which lens has maximum distance and which one has minimum field of viewarrow_forwardSelect the statement(s) that apply to the saying 'n over NA' (more than one answer possible). O a. It is the ratio of refractive index (n) over numerical aperture (NA) O b. For example, it is better to have twenty biological samples at sufficient resolution than having a single biological sample at very high resolution O c. It means that the refractive index (n) should always be higher than the numerical aperture (NA) O d. It means that having a sufficient sample number (n) is more important than the highest possible spatial resolution (NA) because of the variance in biological samples. O e. In this case, 'n' stands for sample number; 'NA' stands for numerical aperture and thus for spatial resolution O f. It is the equation for image contrast (signal-to-background ratio) O g. At high quantum efficiency, the image contrast is only limited by readout noisearrow_forward1. The Resolution of Hubble The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) orbits Earth at an altitudeof 613 km. It has an objective mirror that is 2.4 m in diameter. If the HST were to look downon Earth’s surface (rather than up at the stars), what is the minimum separation of twoobjects on the Earth’s surface that could be resolved using 550-nm light?arrow_forward
- What is the resolving power of a microscope with a 6.00-mm diameter objective which has f =12.0 mm? (Take the average wavelength of visible light to be roughly 550 nm) a. 550 nm b. 870 nm c. 1145 nm d. 1342 nmarrow_forwardLenses often contain thin coatings to reduce reflections and UV radiation. Explain how this works.arrow_forwardA diffraction-limited telescope with a 7.6-cm aperture is aimed at target 12.5 km away. Assuming light of 500 nm wavelength and neglecting air turbulence, determine the size of details can be resolved by the telescope. O A. 20 cm. B. 5 cm c. 15 cm O D. 10 cmarrow_forward
- 1. You're viewing a specimen under the 40X objective lens (high power). The length of the specimen takes up 35% of the field of view. What is this specimen's length in micrometres? 2.If the theoretical resolving power is 0.2 μm, what color of light is being used by the microscope? (Hint: consider looking up the light spectrum) Show work please!arrow_forwardOn a certain crystal, a first-order X-ray diffraction maximum is observed at an angle of 27.1° relative to its surface, using an X-ray source of unknown wavelength. Additionally, when illuminated with a different known wavelength of 0.137 nm, a second-order maximum is detected at 37.3°. Determine a. the spacing between the reflecting planes. b. the unknown wavelength.arrow_forward4. Light of wavelength 589 nm is used to view an object under a microscope. If the aperture of the objective has a diameter of 0.9 cm, what is the limiting angle of resolution? If the light is in the visible range, what would be the maximum limit of resolution for this microscope?arrow_forward
- You want a telescope that discern objects that are at least 3.10 x 107 radians apart. A.) To achieve this resolution, determine what wavelength should be used if the diameter of the primary mirror is 0.8 m. MY NOTES ASK YOUR TEACHER B.) A binary star system (two stars in orbit about each other) is 16.9 ly away. The two stars would just barely be able to be discerned by your telescope. Determine the minimum distance between the stars. 1 ly = 9.461 x 10¹5 m.arrow_forwardFind the radius of a star image formed on the retina of the eye if the aperture diameter (the pupil) at night is 0.78 cm and the length of the eye is 2.3 cm. Assume the wavelength of starlight in the eye is 500 nm. (1 nm -9 10 m) O a. 2.1E-3 m O b. 1.7E–9 m c. 3.6E–6 m d. 1.8E–6 m O e. 6.4E–7 marrow_forwardHow can we calculate the resolving power of a microscope?arrow_forward
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