HUMAN BIOLOGY
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781260233032
Author: Mader
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 23, Problem 1TC
Bipedalism has many selective advantages, including the increased ability to spot predators and prey. However, bipedalism has one particular disadvantage—upright posture leads to a smaller pelvic opening, which makes giving birth to an offspring with a large head very difficult. This situation results in a higher percentage of deaths (of both mother and child) during birth in humans compared to other primates. How can you explain the selection tor a trait, such as bipedalism, that has both positive and negative consequences for fitness?
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Students have asked these similar questions
Scientists speculate or hypothesize that primates evolved to have such traits as nails, grasping hands and feet, forward-facing eyes and depth perception because of their arboreal environs as well as the need to either hunt or to find flowery plants.
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Having opposable thumbs/toes is a generalized trait in primates.
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False
Which of the following human traits is not a shared characteristic of primates?
a
Hip structure supporting bipedalism
b
Detection and processing of three-color vision
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Nails at the end of each digit
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Enlarged brain area associated with vision, and reduced area associated with smell
Chapter 23 Solutions
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Ch. 23.1 - Describe the conditions of the early Earth’s...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.1 - Prob. 4LOCh. 23.1 - Discuss why chemical evolution was necessary...Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 23.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.2 - Discuss how the fossil record, biogeography, and...
Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 23.2 - Define biological evolution and explain its two...Ch. 23.2 - Describe the types of evidence that support...Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 23.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.3 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 23.3 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 23.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.4 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 23.4 - Name three features characteristic of hominins.Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 23.5 - Explain the adaptations of Homo erectus.Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 23.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1BTSCh. 23.5 - Prob. 2BTSCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1BTBCh. 23.5 - Prob. 2BTBCh. 23.5 - Prob. 3BTBCh. 23.5 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 23.5 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 23.5 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 23.5 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 23.5 - Prob. 5CYPCh. 23 - Prob. 1ACh. 23 - Prob. 2ACh. 23 - Prob. 3ACh. 23 - 4. The fossil record offers direct evidence for...Ch. 23 - 5. A history of how species change over time...Ch. 23 - Prob. 6ACh. 23 - Prob. 7ACh. 23 - Prob. 8ACh. 23 - Prob. 9ACh. 23 - Prob. 10ACh. 23 - Prob. 11ACh. 23 - Prob. 12ACh. 23 - Prob. 13ACh. 23 - Prob. 14ACh. 23 - Prob. 15ACh. 23 - According to the fossil record. which of these...Ch. 23 - Bipedalism has many selective advantages,...Ch. 23 - In studying recent fossils of the genus Homo, such...Ch. 23 - Prob. 3TC
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- Humans often survive beyond their childbearing years, which is unique among primates. The grandmother hypothesis states that human longevity beyond childbearing years is selected for because grandmothers benefit the children of their offspring. This effectively increases survivorship of the offspring of their offspring (two generations into the future). Assuming that human longevity also has a cost, e.g. reduced fecundity (number of offspring), which of the following would most likely produce selection for longer lives? (Not required, but if you are interested see this popular press story about the "evolution" of this hypothesis: http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/10/the-evolutionary-importance-of- grandmothers/264039/ 2 ) Selection only occurs if females, and not males, have extended lives, that is why males have a shorter life expectancy O Human grandmothers must only nurture their own children and not their grandchildren O Increased survival in grandchildren due to…arrow_forwardHumans are the only living primates which are primarily bipedal, list possible explanations of why humans became bipedal. How was bipedalism related to the evolutionary needs to survive and reproduce? Which of these explanations (if any) makes the most sense to you?arrow_forwardWhich type of primate is associated with these traits: grooming claw, dental comb, postorbital bar, and rhinarium (moist nose)? Group of answer choices Tarsier Strepsirrhine Catarrhine Platyrrhinearrow_forward
- Which of the following traits is a synapomorphy in humans, a characteristic not shared with other primates? 。。。。 Binocular vision (forward-facing eyes) Having hair Bipedalism Opposable thumbsarrow_forwardWhy are primates social? Think about this question from an evolutionary perspective.arrow_forwardThe presence of tiny hairs, called setae, on the toe pads of some geckos is associated with the ability to adhere to smooth surfaces. This ability allows geckos to climb in areas where many predators cannot. Scientists studying the evolution of setae have identified three closely related species of gecko, only one of which can adhere to smooth surfaces. A model of the evolutionary relatedness between these species is represented in the figure. G. humeralis Can adhere O Cannot adhere 2 O G. concinnatus O G. antillensis Which of the following statements is an accurate interpretation of the labeled branch points on the model? Location 1 represents the common ancestor of only two of the three species.arrow_forward
- Name two traits that primates have that are modified from an ancestral mammalian form (consider: what traits differentiate primates from other mammals due to their specialized adaptations within the arboreal ecological niche).arrow_forwardThe lorises of Asia and Africa have survived because they are diurnal and thus don't compete with other primates. O True False Can the tarsiers of SE Asia rotate their heads 180 degrees? O no O yesarrow_forwardMany lines of evidence, including biochemical evidence, show that living birds are direct descendants of dinosaurs. A number of dinosaur lineages had feathered dinosaurs, not just the lineage that includes living birds. Do you think that is it justified to believe that all feathered dinosaurs had behaviors known from living birds? Such behaviors of birds include colonial nesting, sexual displays by males using feathers, males moving to display their ornamental feathers to female mates. Give a brief reason for your answer.arrow_forward
- Describe the aboreal adaptation of nonhuman primates and include specific anatomical characteristics ( mention at least three adaptations). do humans exhibit these anatomical characteritics? Explainarrow_forwardPrehensile tails are seen in certain primate species in which taxonomic group? Group of answer choices Platyrrhine Strepsirrhine Hominoid Cercopithecoidarrow_forwardIn the context of primate behavioral ecology, what could we infer from the fossil remains of a very small primate exhibiting only slight sexual dimorphism and very large eye orbits? Group of answer choices it had a slow Basal Metabolic Rate allowing the preservation of body heat it was likely a nocturnal insectivore or carnivore that lived in small sized groups it would have likely had to have competed for an alpha male position to access females it was likely a diurnal vegetarian from groups living in monogamous pairs it likely lived in a large one-male multi-female social group and was omnivorousarrow_forward
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