Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305112100
Author: Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 22, Problem 3RQ
Summary Introduction
To summarize: The roles of proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes in carcinogenesis.
Introduction: Cancer is caused due to abnormal cell growth. This occurs due to several genetic and epigenetic alterations that cause uncontrolled proliferation of cells. The clinical manifestations of cancer are numerous and depend on the variety and intensity of symptoms.
The word tumor is used to refer swelling, but now it is used to describe the new growth or neoplasm (cancerous growth).
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Chapter 22 Solutions
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 22 - Prob. 1RQCh. 22 - Prob. 2RQCh. 22 - Prob. 3RQCh. 22 - Prob. 4RQCh. 22 - Prob. 5RQCh. 22 - Prob. 6RQCh. 22 - Prob. 1SQCh. 22 - Prob. 2SQCh. 22 - Prob. 3SQCh. 22 - Prob. 4SQ
Ch. 22 - Prob. 5SQCh. 22 - Tumor suppressor genes _____. a. occur normally in...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7SQCh. 22 - The most common therapeutic approaches to treating...Ch. 22 - Prob. 9SQCh. 22 - Prob. 10SQCh. 22 - Prob. 1CTCh. 22 - A textbook on cancer contains the following...Ch. 22 - Ultimately, cancer kills because it spreads and...Ch. 22 - Over the last few months, your best friend, Mark,...Ch. 22 - Some desperate cancer patients consume pills or...
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- Define the following terms: tumor, neoplasia, anaplasia, metastasis, proto-oncogene, oncogene, and tumor suppressor gene.arrow_forward"In the cellular regulatory pathways that control cell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenes are stimulatory components and the products of tumor suppressor genes are inhibitory components" is true or false.arrow_forwardOut of these 8 hallmarks ( sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction). Rank them from least important to most for cancer development. Explain in 2-3 sentences how.arrow_forward
- Answer the following multiple-choice questions about cancer-promoting mutations. A gene whose mutant alleles function in a recessive way to predispose an individual’s cells to develop into cancer is called: A. a polymerase B. a proto-oncogene C. a tumor suppressor D. an oncogene EXPLAIN in 1-2 sentences:arrow_forwardWhat are the manifestations in the event that the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene accumulates mutations. Please discuss this at all levels involved including the organismal level.arrow_forward1. a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. b)Proteins that inhibit progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes). Boldface one. c)What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene? d)To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one. e)To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require (1 or 2)allele(s) to be mutated and therefore are considered (dominant or recessive). The mutation results in a (loss or gain) of function. For each underlined pair, boldface one.arrow_forward
- Carcinogens generate mutations in: Question 17 options: anti-oncogenes and tumor activation genes proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes proto-oncogenes and tumor activation genes anti-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genesarrow_forwardMatch each definition with the corresponding term concerning genes involved in tumor formation. Proto-oncogenes Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Haploinsufficiency Answer Bank a gene whose function drives uncontrolled cell division and tumorigenesis a gene regulating cell division that can be mutated into a tumorigenic form a gene that protects a cell from progressing toward cancer a condition in which a single copy of a gene fails to produce enough gene product for normal functionarrow_forwardCompare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Contrast oncogenes and proto-oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations that convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. Summarize some functions of common oncogenes in cell survival and uncontrolled growth. Contrast tumor suppressors to oncogenes. Describe the types of mutations in tumor suppressors that are found in common cancers. Summarize the functions of common tumor suppressors in cell survival and cell growth.arrow_forward
- Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most inherited forms of cancer are defects in tumor-suppressor genes. Give two or more reasons why inherited forms of cancer seldom involve activated oncogenes.arrow_forwardThe C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.arrow_forwardExplain why mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive (both copies of the gene must be defective for the regulation of cell division to be defective), whereas mutations in oncogenes are dominant.arrow_forward
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