Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems. Introduction: A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

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Blood is pushed out of the heart through a large vessel, called the aorta. The aorta then divides into smaller and smaller blood vessels, eventually reaching vessels called capillaries. Capillaries are so small that oxygen and nutrients can diffuse across the vessel walls and into the tissues of the body, with CO2 and waste diffusing back into the blood. Let's say that the cross-sectional area of the aorta is 1 cm2 = 100 mm2. The blood pumps through the aorta at 100 mm/s but only through the capillaries at 1 mm/s. If each capillary has a cross-sectional area of 20 mm2, how many capillaries must there be in the body? Note: these numbers are not physiologically correct, but were chosen to make the math easier. The blood velocity through the aorta is closer to 300 mm/s. The capillaries have a total cross-sectional area of ~600,000 mm2 (6000 cm2), with a blood flow rate closer to 0.2 mm/s.

Dr. Bright and Dr. Idea have found a novel way to produce a machine to determine if a heart attack patient has additional blockage in the coronary arteries that may be caused by the surgical bypass procedure (CABG). The machine non-invasively measures arterial flow by using Doppler sonar to determine if the arteries are blocked. It can be used in a patient’s home, by itself, on post heart attack patients who may be at risk for additional heart attacks. It transfers the data to a monitoring station at a EMS facility for 24/7 monitoring.They have formed a company (The Bright-Idea Company), built a prototype and tested it in the lab on sheep and pigs. It worked great. Now they want to begin marketing it for use on humans. What steps should Dr. Bright and Dr. Idea take before they can begin marketing the machine?

An artificial heart works in closed loop by varying its pumping rate according to changes in signals from the recipient's nervous system. For feedback compensation design it is important to know the heart's open-loop transfer function. To identify this transfer function, an artificial heart is implanted in a calf while the main parts of the original heart are left in place. Then the atrial pumping rate in the original heart is measured while step input changes are effected on the artificial heart. It has been found that. in general, the obtained response closely resembles that of a second-order system. In one such experiment it was found that the step response has a %OS = 30% and a time of first peak 7, 127 sec (Nakamura, 2002). Find the corresponding transfer function. Aside from the corresponding transfer function, determine the following as well: delay time, rise time, settling time and steady state error if input is a step response. CO M

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 1SA

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Cells in a multicellular organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. This means that the exchange of gases, uptake of nutrients, expulsion of wastes and other such processes cannot be carried out in a simple, straightforward way. Simple diffusion, like in the case of unicellular organisms, is not enough to perform these functions. Dedicated delivery and waste removal systems became necessary. This is the reason for the development of the circulatory systems.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

In multicellular organisms, most of the cells of an organism are not in direct contact with the external environment. Diffusion cannot adequately transport essential nutrients and wastes into and out of the cells. A dedicated delivery and removal system became necessary, and this led to the development of circulatory systems.

Answer 12

Ch. 22 - Prob. 1SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 2SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 3SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 4SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 5SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 6SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 7SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 8SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 9SA Ch. 22 - Prob. 10SA

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems. Introduction: A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

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To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 22 Solutions

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems. Introduction: A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Videos

To analyze: Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems. Introduction: A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.

Explanation of Solution

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Chapter 22 Solutions

To analyze:

Why the evolution of multicellular organisms has led to the development of circulatory systems.

Introduction:

A circulatory system is responsible for transport of various substances through the body of the organism. There are various types of circulatory systems.