In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1NST

In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

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In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

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Researchers can make monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a mouse with a molecule (or with a microorganism). The resulting antibody-mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. The mouse's B cells are then harvested from its spleen and fused with cancerous B cells from a myeloma cell line. The resulting hybrid myeloma ("hybridoma") cells are cloned: Individual cells are grown in tissue culture as separate cell lines. Each cell line produces and secretes antibodies that recognize one part of the immunizing molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and used for research or other purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are effective for passive immunization, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1NST

In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1NST

In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 22, Problem 1NST

In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To determine: The potential problems associated with the oral vaccine.

Introduction: Vaccination is the process of immunizing a person against disease by administrating weak or dead microbes that cause the disease so that immune system recognizes these microbes and develop immune cells against the disease for future encounters.

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

For vaccines to form immune cells, it is necessary that the vaccine comes in contact with the blood. In the case of oral administration of the vaccines, the vaccines can only enter the bloodstream during the absorption stage in the small intestine. So, the potential problems associated with oral administration of vaccines are as follows:

The molecular integration of the microbes present in the vaccine should be able to tolerate the harsh condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Oral vaccines also require to be administered in larger quantity because, in some people, induction of tolerance is difficult at a lower concentration.
Larger concentration increases the chances of a person receiving the disease instead of immunization.

Answer 13

Conclusion

Oral vaccines should be able to tolerate the harsh conditions of the GI tract, and the concentration of the vaccine should also be high which increases the chances of a person being infected by the disease due to the vaccine.

Answer 14

Ch. 22 - In order to vaccinate people against diseases by...Ch. 22 - Prob. 2NST Ch. 22 - Prob. 3NST Ch. 22 - Prob. 1CS Ch. 22 - Prob. 2CS Ch. 22 - Prob. 3CS Ch. 22 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on a...Ch. 22 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 569....Ch. 22 - Prob. 3PDQ Ch. 22 - Why are most recombinant human proteins produced...

In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?

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