In space sailing, which is a proposed alternative for transport to the planets, a spacecraft carries a very large sail. Sunlight striking the sail exerts a force, accelerating the spacecraft. Should the sail be absorptive or reflective to be most effective?

Q: The minimum change in light intensity that is detectable by the human eye is about 1%. Light is sent…

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Q: A beam of unpolarized light shines on a stack of five ideal polarizers, set up so that the angles…

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Q: At what angle of incidence will the light reflected from water be completely polarized? Does this…

A: At what angle of incidence will the light reflected from water be completely polarized? Does this…

Q: Intensity of light through a polarizer and analyzer is maximum when their principle planes are…

A: Malus' law

Q: Which of the following statements is/are true of a coherent beam of light? Their's rays have the…

A: Two light beams are said to be coherent if the phase difference between them is constant with…

Q: The answer at which light can by completely removed by an analyzer and a polarizer would be: a. 0 o…

A: According to the Malus' law, the intensity of plane-polarized light that passes through an analyzer…

Q: If you have completely polarized light of intensity 130 W/m?, what will its intensity be after…

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Q: At what angle will light reflected from diamond becompletely polarized?

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Q: What angle is needed between the direction of polarized light and the axis of a polarizing filter to…

A: 90 % of light

Q: A beam of unpolarised light is sent through two polarizing sheets placed one on top of the other.…

A: The correct option is A : Half the incident intensity.

Q: An unpolarized light with an initial intensity of ?0 is incident on two polarizers. What must be…

A: Given- An unpolarized light with an initial intensity of I0 is incident on two polarizes. So,…

Q: A polarizer and an analyzer are oriented so that the maxi- mum amount of light is transmitted. To…

A: When the light is passing through the polariser, its intensity is I0, after it comes out from the…

Q: Certain sunglasses use a polarizing material to reduce the intensity of light reflected from shiny…

A: Since light waves are actually particles moving in wave form they are on both horizontal and…

Q: The figure shows four pairs of polarizing sheets, seen face-on. Each pair is mounted in the path of…

A: When unpolarized light passes through a polarizer, the intensity is reduced by half. When polarized…

Q: Light passes through a transparent slab of material in 2.95 ns. If the index of refraction of the…

A: Suppose that thickness of the slab is d Time taken to pass light is t = 2.95 s = 2.95×10-9 s

Q: Holding your hand at arm’s length, you can readily block direct sunlight from your eyes. Why can you…

A: the size of the arm is greater than the wavelength of light and as an obstacle, ther is no…

Q: The transmission axes of two polarizing sheets are initially parallel.  Through what angle must the…

A: let I0 be the intensity of the unpolarized light Intensity after passing through the first polaroid…

Q: Can a sound wave in the air be polarized? Explain.

A: Given:  Sound waves

Q: Daylight falls under the Brewster angle ag on a plane water surface (n = 1.33). The intensity of the…

A: Given: Refractive index, n = 1.33 Intensity of incident light (unpolarized) = Io Brewster angle = αB

Q: Unpolarized light falls on a polarizer with its axis in the vertical direction, then a second with…

A: Given that:- Angle with vertical in second polarizes=30°

Q: Light reflected at 62.5o from a gemstone in a ring is completely polarized. Can the gem be a…

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Q: A scuba diver sees light reflected from the water’ssurface. At what angle will this light be…

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Q: The speed of yellow sodium light (wavelength, 589 nanometers) in a certain liquid is measured to be…

A: Given data: Speed of yellow sodium light is, v=1.92×108 m/s

Q: A microwave oven is designed so that the electric field at its center vibrates with the highest…

A: The wavelength of the wave used in the microwave: The amplitude is maximum at the center. We need…

Q: Suppose polarized light passes through a polarizing filter with its axis at an angle of 16.5° to the…

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Q: On a day when the intensity of sunlight is 1.00 kW / m2,a circular lens 0.200 m in diameter focuses…

A: (a) The light is unpolarized light. Thus, when the light passes through it then its intensity will…

Q: A scuba diver is sitting on a boat while waiting to go on a dive and sees light reflected from the…

A: Write the given values with the suitable variables. n1=1n2=1.333 Here, n1 and n2 are the refractive…

Q: If you have completely polarized light of intensity 150 W /m2, what will its intensity be after…

A: Given, intensity of polarized light, Io = 150 W /m2             Angle between axis of filter and…

Q: 4.4.2. A beam of polarized light passes through a polarizing filter. When the angle between the…

A: According to the Malus law, the intensity of the polarized light passing through the analyzer is

Q: The Sun has a power of P = 3.85 x 1026 Watts. The Earth is a distance of (on average) 1.49 x 108 km…

A:

Q: To remove the glare of light from a polished floor, should the axis of a Polaroid filter be…

A: The passage of the glare will be parallel to the plane of the floor. This implies the glare will be…

Q: If a polarizer and analyzer are placed (perpendicular,parallel) to each other, no light penetrates.

A: When a light after passing through the polarizer falls on the analyzer then the intensity of the…

Q: 8.48* Prove that the degree of polarization (V,) of reflected light can be expressed as R - R R_ +…

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Q: -55 O SSM In Fig. 33-55, a 2.00- m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom of a swimming pool to…

A: Given information: Here, L is the total length of the pole and l is the pole’s length that is…

Q: initially unpolarized light is sent into a system of three polarizing sheets whose polarizing…

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Q: . While wearing your Polaroid sunglasses at the beach, you noticethat they reduce the glare from the…

A: The light that is reflected from a horizontal surface has a polarization in the horizontal…

Q: Three polarizing filters are arranged in such a way that the axes of transmission of the second and…

A: Given data: The axes of transmission of second and third filters are 75° and 30° The original…

Q: Suppose polarized light passes through a polarizing filter with its axis at an angle of 19° to the…

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Q: A small Helium-neon laser emits red visible light with a power of 5.4 mW in a beam that has a…

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Q: Tripling the distance from an observer to a point source of light waves will cause the intensity…

A: Introduction: The intensity of the light wave defines the power of the source per unit area at a…

Q: -5 2. The maximum value of the magnetic field in a light wave is 2.9 x 10 T. Calculate the ms value…

A: