Human Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780805382952
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21, Problem 2AYKA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The advantages of higher levels of chemical BPG and erythrocytes resulting from the training of athletes at higher heights, over a time period.
Introduction:
Erythrocytes are also known as RBCs (red blood corpuscles). These are the type of blood cells used by the body to transport oxygen (O2) to various body tissues. Whereas, BPG (2, 3- bisphophoglycerate) is a chemical compound produced by erythrocytes during a reaction in the process of glycolysis. It can easily bind to the deoxygenated Hb (hemoglobin) as compared to oxygenated Hb.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 21.1 - What are the main structures of the respiratory...Ch. 21.1 - 2. Is the larynx part of the upper or lower...Ch. 21.1 - Where are alveoli? What is their basic function?Ch. 21.1 - 4. List and define the four processes that make...Ch. 21.1 - 5. How does the respiratory system contribute to...Ch. 21.1 - List and describe four functions of the...Ch. 21.2 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21.2 - 2. Describe the external and internal structure...Ch. 21.2 - What happens to the glottis and the pitch of the...Ch. 21.2 - 4. What is the function of the tracheal mucosa?
Ch. 21.2 - How does the epithelium of the bronchial tree...Ch. 21.2 - Trace the pathway from the primary bronchi to the...Ch. 21.2 - 7. What structures make up the respiratory...Ch. 21.2 - Explain the structure of the pleural cavities.Ch. 21.3 - 3. What drives the movement of gases during...Ch. 21.3 - What does the intrapleural pressure prevent under...Ch. 21.3 - 5. How are inspiration and expiration achieved?
Ch. 21.3 - 6. What is airway resistance? What is the main...Ch. 21.3 - How does surfactant decrease surface tension?Ch. 21.3 - What drives the movement of gases?Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 7QCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 8QCCh. 21.4 - 1. How does the pressure gradient between two gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2QCCh. 21.4 - 3. What takes place during pulmonary gas...Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 4QCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.4 - What are three factors that influence the...Ch. 21.5 - How is the majority of oxygen transported through...Ch. 21.5 - How do temperature, pH, PCO2, and BPG affect Hbs...Ch. 21.5 - 3. Why is the S shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin...Ch. 21.5 - What are the three ways in which the body...Ch. 21.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.5 - Prob. 6QCCh. 21.6 - 1. Which steps of respiration rely on partial...Ch. 21.7 - 1. Which collection of neurons generates the...Ch. 21.7 - What are the functions of the dorsal and ventral...Ch. 21.7 - 3. Where are the central chemoreceptors located?...Ch. 21.7 - What do the central chemoreceptors trigger if...Ch. 21.7 - Prob. 5QCCh. 21.8 - 1. What are the differences between obstructive...Ch. 21.8 - 2. What are the three subtypes of COPD? What is...Ch. 21.8 - Prob. 3QCCh. 21 - Which of the following are functions of the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2CYRCh. 21 - 3. Mark the following statements as true or false....Ch. 21 - Prob. 4CYRCh. 21 - 5. Fill in the blanks: The structures that vibrate...Ch. 21 - Prob. 6CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 7CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 8CYRCh. 21 - Match each term with the correct definition....Ch. 21 - Prob. 10CYRCh. 21 - Which of the following does not affect the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 12CYRCh. 21 - Fill in the blanks: When the alveolar PO2...Ch. 21 - Prob. 14CYRCh. 21 - Match the following terms with the correct...Ch. 21 - 16. Fill in the blanks: Hyperventilation causes...Ch. 21 - The basic rhythm for breathing is maintained by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 18CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 19CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 20CYRCh. 21 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 21 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 21 - 1. When a person hyperventilates, what happens to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 3AYKACh. 21 - Prob. 4AYKACh. 21 - 5. Mrs. Jordan is brought to the emergency room by...Ch. 21 - What happens to the metabolic rate of skeletal...
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- . Do you think erythropoietin levels in athletes at low altitude are lower, higher, or the same after training at a high altitude for 2 months? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardIn a woman with body mass 70 kg blood quantity is 4.9 liters; hematocrit is 32%, the quantity of erythrocytes is 3.0*10^12/l, hemoglobin is 105 g/l color parameter is 1.0, the minimum osmotic resistance of erythrocytes is 0.38%NaCl; the maximum osmotic resistance of erythrocytes is 0.34%NaCl Such blood analises testifies first of all about: A. the water excess in the organism B. the lack of water in the organism C. osmotic hemolysis of erythrocytes D. chemical hemolysis of erythrocytes E. the lack of iron in blood plasmaarrow_forwardWith the appearance of strong oxidizers in blood in erythrocytes one of the following substances is formed first of all: 1. carbhemoglobin 2. carboxyhemoglobin 3. oxyhemoglobin 4. methemoglobin 5. deoxyhemoglobinarrow_forward
- (b) The diagram on the right illustrates the change in the p50 (partial pressure of O2 required to achieve 50% saturation) of hemoglobin and the 2,3-bis-phosphoglycerate (BPG) concentration in the erythrocytes of a person who spent 6 days hik- ing in the Andes Mountains of Peru. As the hiker climbs to higher and higher altitudes, the atmos- pheric pressure, including the partial pressure of O2, decreases. Yet the p50 increases, making it less favorable to achieve saturation of the hemo- globin. Explain. Pso (torr) Sea level 34 33- 32 31 30- 29 28 27 26 4530 m above- sea level (c) If individuals with the following mutant hemo- globins accompanied the hiker, evaluate the degree of respiratory distress that they would experience despite the increased erythrocyte BPG concentration. (In the ta- ble of mutants on the right, the mutation His(143)Asp, for instance, means that the His residue that occurs at se- quence position 143 on the ß-chain has been substituted by Asp.) Describe the…arrow_forwardHyperthyroidism increases the amount of ATP formed in the individual and increases heart rate. What effect does it have on hemoglobin levels. Choose from the following: (A) hyperthyroidism would increase the number of erythrocytes and the amount of hemoglobin (B) hyperthyroidism would decrease the amount of hemoglobinarrow_forwardHemoglobin and hematocrit values are generally lower for females than for males. Why?arrow_forward
- during exercise cardiac output goes up from about 5 mL per liter to about 25 mL per liter. By volume where does most of this blood go? Skeletal muscles, the heart, or the skin.arrow_forwardIn the adult, most erythropoietin (EPO) is secreted from cells in the: A. liver B. kidneys C. red bone marrowarrow_forward"stimulation of erythropoietin is caused by"arrow_forward
- It is not usually necessary to assess arterial blood gases when diagnosing and treating asthma. However, this information can sometimes be useful in severe asthma attacks. Suppose that a patient had a PO2 of 60mm hg and a PCo2 of 30mm hg when the patient first went to the emergency room. Explain how that could happen.arrow_forwardWhich of the following are most closely associated with oxygen transport? (a) red blood cells (b) platelets (c) neutrophils (d) basophils (e) lymphocytesarrow_forwardWhich of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? AMS high blood levels of carbon dioxide low atmospheric pressure erythropoietinarrow_forward
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