Chapter 21, Problem 21E

(a)

To determine

To explain what is a Type I error.

Explanation of Solution

It is given in the question that a clean air standard requires that vehicle exhaust emissions not exceed specified limits for various pollutants. Many states require that cars be tested annually to be sure they meet these standards. Thus, in this context, Type I error means that the shop is apparently not meeting standards when it actually is.

(b)

To determine

To explain what is a Type II error.

Explanation of Solution

It is given in the question that a clean air standard requires that vehicle exhaust emissions not exceed specified limits for various pollutants. Many states require that cars be tested annually to be sure they meet these standards. Thus, in this context, Type II error means that theshop is certified as meeting standards when it actually is not.

(c)

To determine

To find out which type of error would the shop’s owner consider more serious.

Answer to Problem 21E

Type I error would the shop’s owner consider more serious.

Explanation of Solution

It is given in the question that a clean air standard requires that vehicle exhaust emissions not exceed specified limits for various pollutants. Many states require that cars be tested annually to be sure they meet these standards. Thus, Type I error would the shop’s owner consider more serious because the shop would be falsely closed, resulting in losses for the owner.

(d)

To determine

To find out which type of error might environmentalist consider more serious.

Answer to Problem 21E

Type II error might environmentalist consider more serious.

Explanation of Solution

It is given in the question that a clean air standard requires that vehicle exhaust emissions not exceed specified limits for various pollutants. Many states require that cars be tested annually to be sure they meet these standards. Thus, Type II error might environmentalist consider more serious because the shop would be operating even though it is not meeting standard, resulting in negative consequences for the environment.