Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 20, Problem 3DAA
Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the given results support the hypothesis that the virus is adapting to host defenses.

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a group of retroviruses that are sexually transmitted from one to another. It causes a disease that lead to life-threatening infections called AIDS. Here, the immune system fails or weakens due to viral infection and is accompanied with the development of many infections. Certain proteins called Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are produced and displayed by our cells that act as a marker for the identification of unusual invaders in the body. Each unique marker is produced for the determination of self-cells versus the invaders by the immune system.

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When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein to the ACE2 protein on human cells. This is one way an antibody can prevent the virus from attaching to and getting inside of human cells. But antibodies can do more than just block virus entry. Due to the symmetrical structure of the immunoglobulin molecule, it can bind to two antigen molecules simultaneously, like this:              As a result, antibodies can cross-link multiple viruses in a three-dimensional network. Using this diagram as a starting point, draw several additional viruses and antibodies to illustrate what a cross-linked antigen-antibody complex might look like.
This is a hypothetical scenario. A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world. If a vaccine that stops transmission of all current circulating variants of the virus in humans is utilized and herd immunity is achieved throughout the world, would this essentially stop 1) further transmission of the virus; 2) further mutation of the virus, respectively? Why/why not? Please answer the question succinctly and in bullet points!
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