Chapter 20, Problem 20.5E

Explanation of Solution

Characteristics of complex systems:

A complex system is composed of many components which may interact with each other and reductionism is the practice of analyzing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents.

The characteristics of complex systems of systems that make reductionism less effective are:

• Due to distributed ownership and control, there is no single system owner or controller who can resolve disputes and make decisions about the system. All of the system owners involved have to negotiate with important decisions seriously delayed or lest unresolved...