Role of
Explanation of Solution
There are many people suffering a lot in the situation of extreme poverty. Growth by itself is not enough to improve their life conditions, because, economic growth mainly focus on the allocation of resources for the growth in real GDP. However, a country that faces extreme poverty has to concern a number of areas such as hunger, illiteracy, child mortality, diseases, gender inequality, maternal mortality, environmental protection and so on. Therefore, the allocation of resources is not always enough to manage all the problems of extreme poverty.
When more resources are allocated to economic growth, poverty rates will decline at a particular level. However, after that point, further allocation of resources for the reduction in poverty would become more difficult and has only smaller impact on poverty reduction due to the presence of several problems of extreme poverty. The concept of increasing
Concept introduction:
Extreme poverty: Extreme poverty is a situation where people lack basic human needs such as food, clothes, shelter, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, education, and information.
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- According to World Bank (2012), in Ethiopia, the poorest 20 percent of population received 9.3 percent of income or consumption and the richest 20 percent of population received 39.4 percent of income or consumption; in South Africa, the poorest 20 percent of population received 2.7 percent of income or consumption and the richest 20 percent of population received 68.2 percent of income or consumption. What conclusion can we reach based on the above statistics?arrow_forwardThe Importance of Productivity Two well-known economists, William Baumol and Alan Blinder, have stated that, in the long run, “nothing contributes more to reduction of poverty, to increases in leisure, and to the country’s ability to finance education, public health, environmental improvement and the arts” (1991, 356) than the rate of growth of productivity. 1. Define productivity. 2. See if you can verify Baumol and Blinder’s very strong claim (“nothing contributes more ...”) through the following exercise. Assume GDP in the United States is $10 trillion and that the labor force remains constant in size and fully employed. Estimate the value of GDP in one year’s time if productivity growth is 3%. What if it were only 2%? How much will GDP fall in two years’ time if productivity growth remains at 2% rather than 3%? In three years? 3. Why might environmental regulation reduce productivity growth? 4. Why might it increase…arrow_forwardBased off of the article, what three poverty traps help explain the plight of nations comprising the poorest billion people? Explain in 10 sentences min. Article: The Poorest Billion Not long ago, the world was one-sixth rich and five-sixths poor. Now, thanks to impressive growth in places like China, the world is more like one-sixth rich, two-thirds not rich but improving, and one-sixth poor and going nowhere. Most developing economies are experiencing a rising standard of living. But that still leaves about a billion people trapped in economies that are not only extremely poor, but stagnant or getting worse. All told, about 45 countries fit into this poorest-billion category, including 30 countries in sub-Saharan Africa plus the likes of Cambodia, Haiti, Laos, Myanmar, North Korea, and Yemen. Economist Paul Collier, of Oxford University in England, has examined what went wrong with these “trapped countries.” Based on decades of research, he identifies some poverty traps. About 750…arrow_forward
- In Chapter 11, Tietenberg and Lewis note that market imperfections are a major cause of unsustainable development. What are some examples of market imperfections that hamper efforts to achieve sustainable development? Do such imperfections always lead to unsustainable outcomes? What are some economic incentive policies that might facilitate a transition from unsustainable to sustainable activities?arrow_forwardBillions of people in the world make two dollars a day or less. In fact, a billion people make less than one dollar a day. In such places, a loan of $100 or $200 makes a huge difference. That's where microloans from organizations such as Opportunity International come in. Opportunity International is an organization that grants microloans to people, mostly women, in developing countries so they can invest in a business. Those investments often lead to community growth and employment, and help the owners, themselves, to prosper on a moderate scale. The borrowers must pay back the money with interest—when they do, they can borrow more and keep growing. Opportunity International, unlike some other microlending organizations, also provides a banking function where entrepreneurs can safely put their money. They can also buy some insurance to protect themselves against loss. Opportunity International helps over a million people in over 28 countries, giving them the opportunity to change…arrow_forwardIn 1776, Adam Smith ([1776] 1936) published his treatise, An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , which was taken by many to be a theory of economic growth. Smith, however, was clearly concerned with economic development. The classical school of economic thought, predominantly modeled after Smith, is largely geared toward understanding and explaining economic development. Smith presented a supply driven model of growth, where output was related to labor, land, and capital. Thus, economic growth, which is the increase in output, was related to populationgrowth, investment, land growth, and increases in productivity. According to Smith, society was dependent on the economy’s ability to sustain its increasing workforce. Investment was dependent on the rate of savings. Land growth was dependent on the ability to acquire more land (through conquest) or on the increase in the productivity of existing land. He also believed in the division or specialization of labor as a…arrow_forward
- A key theme of criticism of globalization is that it seems to unfairly reward the rich and punish the poor. One way to think about this is to look at the issue of income inequality. Technically, income inequality is the unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in an economy. Income inequality is often presented as the percentage of income to a percentage of population. For example, a statistic may indicate that 70% of a country's income is controlled by 20% of that country's residents. Work on income inequality in the USA shows the change in income between 1980 and 2014 for every point on the distribution of people in terms of income percentile that is, we can track the changing distribution of income, from the poorest person to the richest person over that time span. As seen in the chart below, it’s mostly flat and close to zero, before spiking upward at the end—as such, some say it resembles a classic hockey-stick graph. Based on this…arrow_forwardIn 1776, Adam Smith ([1776] 1936) published his treatise, An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , which was taken by many to be a theory of economic growth. Smith, however, was clearly concerned with economic development. The classical school of economic thought, predominantly modeled after Smith, is largely geared toward understanding and explaining economic development. Smith presented a supply driven model of growth, where output was related to labor, land, and capital. Thus, economic growth, which is the increase in output, was related to population growth, investment, land growth, and increases in productivity. According to Smith, society was dependent on the economy’s ability to sustain its increasing workforce. Investment was dependent on the rate of savings. Land growth was dependent on the ability to acquire more land (through conquest) or on the increase in the productivity of existing land. He also believed in the division or specialization of labor as a…arrow_forwardIn the 1990s, developed countries agreed to double their aid to Africa by 2015. A report by the United Nations conference on Trade and Development noted that sceptics had raised concerns about how much effect the doubling of aid would have on output and incomes in Africa, if the quantity of other inputs such as human capacity and institutions were to remain fixed. It also pointed to the divisions between the sceptics with some suggesting the return would diminish when aid reached only 4% of GDP, while others thought they would diminish only when it had reached 50%. It should be added that even if the returns do begin to diminish, they could still be very important.In 1887, Cecil Rhodes created the De Beers Consolidated mines Company, which controlled about 90% of the total world supply of rough uncut diamonds with its South African mines. Until 2001, De Beers produced about half of the world’s diamonds in its mines and marketed about 80% of the world’s diamonds. Diamond producing…arrow_forward
- The red budget line depicts China in 1980 before there was any Communist Party policy about the number of children a Chinese woman could choose to have. Between 1980 and 2020, Chinese wages and GDP per capita (income) increased due to the abandonment of a Communist/Socialist economic system and a partial movement toward a free market capitalist system. The rotation from the red to the blue budget line depicts higher wages and the increased GDP per capita that resulted. China's One Child Policy All Other Goods (Income) 15K IC6 4K IC, 2020 IC3 1980 8. 1 4 Children (Fertility Rate)arrow_forwardMention two factors which cause the rapid growth in population in South Africaarrow_forwardWhat is the main objective of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United nations? What is the standard response to eradicating poverty? Why must we change our paradigm of growth and consumption to that of "de-development"? Why are the terms de-development, de-growth, and zero growth seemingly unacceptable to the usual framework of human progress?arrow_forward
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