Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 4CAE
The antibiotic amphotericin B causes leaks in cells by combining with sterols in the plasma membrane. Would you expect to use amphotericin B against a bacterial infection? A fungal infection? Offer a reason why amphotericin B has severe side effects in humans.
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Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…
Chapter 2 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Ch. 2 - What is a chemical element?Ch. 2 - DRAW IT Diagram the electronic configuration of a...Ch. 2 - What type of bond holds the following atoms...Ch. 2 - Classify the following types of chemical...Ch. 2 - Bacteria use the enzyme urease to obtain nitrogen...Ch. 2 - Classify the following as subunits of either a...Ch. 2 - DRAW IT The artificial sweetener aspartame, or...Ch. 2 - DRAW IT The following diagram shows the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 9RCh. 2 - Prob. 10R
Ch. 2 - Assume E. coli bacteria are grown in a nutrient...Ch. 2 - If Pseudomonas bacteria are supplied with...Ch. 2 - If E. coli were grown in a medium containing the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 2 - Prob. 5MCQCh. 2 - Prob. 6MCQCh. 2 - The dissociation products of the molecules are...Ch. 2 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 2 - The dissociation products of the molecules are...Ch. 2 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 2 - When you blow bubbles into a glass of water, the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2ACh. 2 - Prob. 3ACh. 2 - Prob. 4ACh. 2 - Prob. 1CAECh. 2 - Prob. 2CAECh. 2 - Newborn babies are tested for phenylketonuria...Ch. 2 - The antibiotic amphotericin B causes leaks in...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5CAE
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- Cyanide ion (CN-) causes toxicity to humans, explain the reason of its toxicity to us. Suggest a method to remove its toxicity from the blood.arrow_forwardAmoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit cofilin/ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…arrow_forwardList two classes of compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Suggest some reasons for the amount of biomedical research devoted to these compounds.arrow_forward
- Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, have what mechanism of action? Based on this mechanism of action, when would a nitrate be contraindicated?arrow_forward“Antioxidants are key molecules in slowing down cellular aging”-What is the mechanism behind this? Explain at your own words.arrow_forwardWhat is the source of NH4+ in plant cells? Explain how NH4+ can be toxic to cells. How is this toxicity avoided?arrow_forward
- Influenza viruses are surrounded by a membrane that contains a fusion protein, which is activated by acidic pH. Upon activation, the protein causes the viral membrane to fuse with cell membranes. An old folk remedy against flu recommends that one should spend a night in a horse’s stable. Odd as it may sound, there is a rational explanation for this advice. Air in stables contains ammonia (NH3) generated by bacteria in the horse’s urine. Sketch a diagram showing the pathway (in detail) by which flu virus enters cells, and speculate how NH3 may protect cells from virus infection.arrow_forwardYou’ve made a 25 mM stock of colchicine (a tubulin inhibitor; dissolved in distilled water), which you’d like to use to study the effect of tubulin on phagocytosis in T.pyriformis. Based on published research articles that you’ve read, you’d like to preincubate T. pyriformis with colchicine at a final, effective concentration of 75 µM. Assuming you need 40 µL of the cell+colchicine mixture for your experiment, please explain how you can use your 25 mM solution of colchicine, T. pyriformis cells, and distilled water to create your cell+colchicine mixture.arrow_forwardWhat mechanism of action does Ciprofloxacin belong in? 1.inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2.inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 3.inhibition of metabolic pathway 4.inhibition of protein synthesisarrow_forward
- What is the mode of action of sulfonamides? inhibition of cell wall synthesis inhibition of protein synthesis disruption of membrane structure disruption of folic acid synthesisarrow_forwardExplain how NH4+ can be toxic to cells. How is this toxicity avoided?arrow_forwardThe chloramphenicol MICs for E. coli and S. aureus are similar if not identical. Which ONE of the following best describes the activities of chloramphenicol against E. coli and S. aureus? Select one: A. Chloramphenicol is lipophilic drug able to traverse water-filled porins in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes to reach its target in the cell cytoplasm B. Chloramphenicol is a lipophilic drug able to traverse bacterial membranes to reach its target in the cytoplasm C. Chloramphenicol is hydrophilic drug able to traverse water-filled porins in the outer and cytoplasmic membranes to reach its target in the cell cytoplasm D. Chloramphenicol is unable to traverse bacterial membranes and consequently both organisms are resistant to the drug E. Chloramphenicol is a hydrophilic drug able to traverse bacterial membranes to reach its target in the cytoplasmarrow_forward
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