Loose Leaf for Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
Loose Leaf for Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781260151749
Author: Silberberg Dr., Martin; Amateis Professor, Patricia
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
Question
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Chapter 2, Problem 2.128P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mass percentage each ion in the seawater is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mass percent is defined as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the mixture multiplied by 100.

The expression to calculate the percentage mass of ions is as follows:

  Mass % of ion=Mass of ionMass of seawater        (1)

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 2.128P

The mass percentage of Cl, Na+, SO42, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, and HCO3 ion in the seawater is 1.898 %, 1.056 %, 0.265 %, 0.127 %, 0.038 %, 0.04 %, and 0.014 % respectively.

Explanation of Solution

Convert the mass of seawater from kg to mg as follows:

  Mass of water=(1 kg)(1000 g1 kg)(1000 mg1 g)=1×106 mg

Substitute 18980 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for the mass of seawater in equation (1) to calculate the mass % Cl ion.

  Mass % of Cl ion=(18980 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=1.898 %

Substitute 10560 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for seawater in equation (1) to calculate the mass % Na+ ion.

  Mass % of Na+ ion=(10560 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=1.056 %

Substitute 2650 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for seawater in equation (1) to calculate the mass % SO42 ion.

  Mass % of SO42 ion=(2650 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=0.256 %

Substitute 1270 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for seawater in equation (1) to calculate the mass % Mg2+ ion.

  Mass % of Mg2+ ion=(1270 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=0.127 %

Substitute 400 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for seawater in the equation (1) to calculate the mass % Ca2+.

  Mass % of Ca2+=(400 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=0.04 %

Substitute 380 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for seawater in equation (1) to calculate the mass % K+ ion.

  Mass % of K+ ion=(380 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=0.038 %

Substitute 140 mg for the mass of ion and 1×106 mg for seawater in equation (1) to calculate the mass % HCO3 ion.

  Mass % of HCO3 ion=(140 mg1×106 mg)(100 %)=0.014 %.

Conclusion

The mass percentage is the unit of concentration and is expressed as the mass of ion to the total mass of seawater.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Percentage of the total mass of ions represented by sodium ions is to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Mass percent is defined as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the mixture multiplied by 100.

The expression to calculate the percentage mass of ions is as follows:

  Mass % of ion=Mass of ionMass of seawater        (1)

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 2.128P

Percentage of the total mass of ions represented by sodium ions is 30.72 %.

Explanation of Solution

The total mass of ions in 1 kg of seawater is equal to the sum of all mass of ions. The total mass of all the ions is 34380 mg.

The expression to calculate the percentage of Na+ present in the total mass of an ion is as follows:

  Mass % of Na+=(Mass of Na+Total mass)(100 %)        (2)

Substitute 10560 mg for the mass of Na+ and 34380 mg for total mass in equation (2).

  Mass % of Na+=(10560 mg34380 mg)(100 %)=30.72 %.

Conclusion

The mass percentage of sodium ions present in the total mass is 30.72 %.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The total mass % of alkali ions and total mass % of alkaline earth metal ions is to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Mass percent is defined as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the mixture multiplied by 100.

The expression to calculate the percentage mass of ions is as follows:

  Mass % of ion=Mass of ionMass of seawater        (1)

The alkali metal is defined as the group of elements that are found in Group I. The alkaline earth metal is defined as the group of elements that are found in Group II.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 2.128P

The total mass percent for alkali metal ions is 6.6 times greater than mass percent for alkaline earth metal ions.

Explanation of Solution

Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions are alkaline earth metal ions. The percentage of the total mass of alkaline earth metal ions is equal to the sum of the mass percentage of Mg2+ and Ca2+.

  Mass % of alkaline earth metal ions=Mg2++Ca2+=0.127 %+0.04 %=0.167 %

Na+ and K+ ions are found in the alkali metal ions. The percentage of the total mass of alkali metal ions is equal to the sum of the mass percentage of Na+ and K+.

  Mass % of alkali metal ions=Na++K+=1.056 %+0.038 %=1.094 %

The expression to calculate the ratio of the mass % of alkali ions to the mass % of alkaline earth metal ions is as follows:

  (Ratio of mass  % of alkali ions to mass % of alkaline earth metal ions)=Mass  % of alkali ionsMass % of alkaline earth metal ions        (3)

Substitute 1.094 % for the mass % of alkali ions and 0.167 % for mass % alkaline earth metal ions in the equation (3).

  (Ratio of mass  % of alkali ions to mass % of alkaline earth metal ions)=1.094 %0.167 %=6.6.

Therefore, the total mass percent for alkali metal ions is 6.6 times greater than mass percent for alkaline earth metal ions.

Conclusion

The total mass percent for alkali metal ions is 6.6 times greater than a mass percent for alkaline earth metal ions. This suggests that alkali metal ions are dominant in sea water.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The cation or anion that has larger mass fraction of dissolved component is to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Mass percent is defined as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the mixture multiplied by 100.

The expression to calculate the percentage mass of ions is as follows:

  Mass % of ion=Mass of ionMass of seawater        (1)

Ions that are formed by the loss of electrons form a positively charged ion. The positively charged ions are called cation.

Ions that are formed by the gain of electrons form a negatively charged ions. The negatively charged ions are called anion.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 2.128P

The mass fraction of anion is larger than the mass fraction of cations.

Explanation of Solution

The anions that are found in the seawater are Cl, SO42 and HCO3.

The total mass percent of anions in seawater is calculated as follows:

  Total mass percent=(Mass percent of Cl+Mass percent of SO42+Mass percent of HCO3)        (4)

Substitute 1.898 % for Cl, 0.265 % for SO42 and 0.014 % for HCO3 in equation (4).

  Total mass percent=(1.898 %+0.265 %+0.014 %)=2.177 %

The cations that are found in the sea water such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+.

The total mass percent of anions in seawater is calculated as follows:

  Total mass percent=(Mass percent of Na++Mass percent of Mg2++Mass percent of Ca2++Mass percent of K+)        (5)

Substitute 1.056 % for Na+, 0.127 % for Mg2+, 0.038 % for K+ and 0.04 % for Ca2+ in equation (5).

  Total cations mass percent=(1.056 %+0.127 %+0.04 % + 0.038%)=1.26 %.

The mass fraction of anion is larger than the mass fraction of cations.

Conclusion

Anions form a larger mass fraction of the dissolved components in the seawater.

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Chapter 2 Solutions

Loose Leaf for Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

Ch. 2.5 - Prob. B2.1PCh. 2.5 - Prob. B2.2PCh. 2.6 - Prob. 2.6AFPCh. 2.6 - Prob. 2.6BFPCh. 2.7 - Prob. 2.7AFPCh. 2.7 - Prob. 2.7BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.8AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.8BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.9AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.9BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.10AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.10BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.11AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.11BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.12AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.12BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.13AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.13BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.14AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.14BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.15AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.15BFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.16AFPCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.16BFPCh. 2.8 - Determine the name, formula, and molecular (or...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2.17BFPCh. 2.9 - Prob. B2.3PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.1PCh. 2 - List two differences between a compound and a...Ch. 2 - Which of the following are pure substances?...Ch. 2 - Classify each substance in Problem 2.3 as an...Ch. 2 - Explain the following statement: The smallest...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.6PCh. 2 - Can the relative amounts of the components of a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.8PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.9PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.10PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.11PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.12PCh. 2 - In our modern view of matter and energy, is the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.14PCh. 2 - Which of the following scenes illustrate(s) the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.16PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.17PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.18PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.19PCh. 2 - Fluorite, a mineral of calcium, is a compound of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.21PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.22PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.23PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.24PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.25PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.26PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.27PCh. 2 - Dolomite is a carbonate of magnesium and calcium....Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.29PCh. 2 - Which of Dalton’s postulates about atoms are...Ch. 2 - Use Dalton’s theory to explain why potassium...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.32PCh. 2 - The following charges on individual oil droplets...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.34PCh. 2 - When Rutherford’s coworkers bombarded gold foil...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.36PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.37PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.38PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.39PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.40PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.41PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.42PCh. 2 - Write the notation for each atomic depiction: Ch. 2 - Write the notation for each atomic depiction: Ch. 2 - Draw atomic depictions similar to those in Problem...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.46PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.47PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.48PCh. 2 - Chlorine has two naturally occurring isotopes,...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.50PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.51PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.52PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.53PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.54PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.55PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.56PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.57PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.58PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.59PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.60PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.61PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.62PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.63PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.64PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.65PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.66PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.67PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.68PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.69PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.70PCh. 2 - What monatomic ions would you expect radium (Z =...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.72PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.73PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.74PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.75PCh. 2 - The radii of the sodium and potassium ions are 102...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.77PCh. 2 - What information about the relative numbers of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.79PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.80PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.81PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.82PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.83PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.84PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.85PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.86PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.87PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.88PCh. 2 - Give the systematic names for the formulas or the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.90PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.91PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.92PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.93PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.94PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.95PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.96PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.97PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.98PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.99PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.100PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.101PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.102PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.103PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.104PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.105PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.106PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.107PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.108PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.109PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.110PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.111PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.112PCh. 2 - What is the difference between a homogeneous and a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.114PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.115PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.116PCh. 2 - Which separation method is operating in each of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.118PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.119PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.120PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.121PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.122PCh. 2 - Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, formed from the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.124PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.125PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.126PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.127PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.128PCh. 2 - The following scenes represent a mixture of two...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2.130PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.131PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.132PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.133PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.134PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.135PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.136PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.137PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.138PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.139PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.140PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.141PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.142PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.143PCh. 2 - Prob. 2.144P
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