How many precession periods are in one cycle of Earth’s axis inclination variation? In one cycle of Earth’s orbit eccentricity variation? In the time span shown in Figure 2-11b, how many periods or fractions of periods did the Earth’s axis precess, nod, and Earth’s orbit change shape? Of the three periods, which is likely to have the most effect on the changes shown in Figure 2–11?

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 14P

How many precession periods are in one cycle of Earth’s axis inclination variation? In one cycle of Earth’s orbit eccentricity variation? In the time span shown in Figure 2-11b, how many periods or fractions of periods did the Earth’s axis precess, nod, and Earth’s orbit change shape? Of the three periods, which is likely to have the most effect on the changes shown in Figure 2–11?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

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Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 14P

How many precession periods are in one cycle of Earth’s axis inclination variation? In one cycle of Earth’s orbit eccentricity variation? In the time span shown in Figure 2-11b, how many periods or fractions of periods did the Earth’s axis precess, nod, and Earth’s orbit change shape? Of the three periods, which is likely to have the most effect on the changes shown in Figure 2–11?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 14P

How many precession periods are in one cycle of Earth’s axis inclination variation? In one cycle of Earth’s orbit eccentricity variation? In the time span shown in Figure 2-11b, how many periods or fractions of periods did the Earth’s axis precess, nod, and Earth’s orbit change shape? Of the three periods, which is likely to have the most effect on the changes shown in Figure 2–11?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 2, Problem 14P

How many precession periods are in one cycle of Earth’s axis inclination variation? In one cycle of Earth’s orbit eccentricity variation? In the time span shown in Figure 2-11b, how many periods or fractions of periods did the Earth’s axis precess, nod, and Earth’s orbit change shape? Of the three periods, which is likely to have the most effect on the changes shown in Figure 2–11?

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

To determine

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis, eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit, and number of periods or period fractions of precision of Earth’s axis, nod, and change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b and also identify which one has more influence on changes plotted in figure 2.11.

Answer 12

Answer to Problem 14P

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ .

The number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ .

Number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

The precession period of Earth is around $26,000 years$ . Time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth is around $41,000 years$ . During this cycle, tilt of axis of Earth changes between $22°$ and $25°$ approximately.

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in a complete cycle of tilt change of Earth’s axis.

$n1=TaxisTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n1$ is the number of precision periods, $Taxis$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of inclination variation of axis of Earth, and $Tprecession$ is the precession period of Earth.

Time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is almost $100,000 years$ . During this period, shape of earth’s orbit changes between $0%−3%$ .

Write the equation to find the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

$n2=Tecc.varTprecession$ (I)

Here, $n2$ is the number of precision period in one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit and $Tecc.var$ is the time taken to complete one complete cycle of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit.

The time span shown in figure 2.11b is $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n3=400,000Tprecession$ (III)

Here, $n3$ is the number of precession periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n4=400,000Taxis$ (IV)

Here, $n4$ is the number of nod periods or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Write the equation to find number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit or period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

$n5=400,000Taxis$ (V)

Here, $n5$ is the number of periods for change in shape of Earth’s orbit period fractions during $400,000 years$ .

Conclusion:

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (I) to find $n1$ .

$n1=41,000 years26,000 years≈1.6$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ and $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (II) to find $n2$ .

$n2=100,000 years26,000 years=3.8$

Substitute $26,000 years$ for $Tprecession$ in equation (III) to find $n3$ .

$n3=400,000 years26,000 years=15.4$

Substitute $41,000 years$ for $Taxis$ in equation (IV) to find $n4$ .

$n4=400,000 years41,000 years=9.8$

Substitute $100,000 years$ for $Tecc.var$ in equation (V) to find $n5$ .

$n5=400,000 years100,000 years=4$

Figure 2.11 plots the temperature variation in Earth over many years. The prime important reason for seasons is the tilting of axis of Earth. So the changes in figure 2.11 is more influenced by $Taxis$ .

The number of precession periods in inclination change of one cycle of Earth’s axis is $1.6$ ,the number of periods of eccentricity variation of Earth’s orbit is $3.8$ ,number of periods for a cycle of precision of Earth’s axis over time span given in 2.11b is $15.4$ , number of periods for a cycle of nod over time span given in 2.11b is $9.8$ , number of periods for a cycle of change in shape of Earth’s orbit in time span given in figure 2.11b is $4$ , and the Earth’s axis inclination cycle has greater influence on pattern in figure 2.11.

Answer 14

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