Biology: The Dynamic Science
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781337246422
Author: Peter J. Russell; Paul E. Hertz; Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning US
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Chapter 19.3, Problem 2SB
Summary Introduction
To review:
The way by which it can be determined that the steroid hormone affects the gene expression in human tissue culture cells.
Introduction:
Steroid hormones are the steroids that behave as hormones. They are grouped into two classes- corticosteroids and sex steroids. Their receptors are mostly intracellular with respect to the location, that is, they are present inside the cell. They can directly affect gene expression. The most studied steroid receptor is the nuclear receptor.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science
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- Why are leptin injections less helpful for most overweight people than for mice with a mutation in the leptin gene?arrow_forwardHerceptin is an antibody that is used to treat certain forms of breast cancer by binding to a class of estrogen receptors. What is the basis for its effectiveness in treating certain forms of breast cancer?arrow_forwardInsulin-like growth factor (IGF) is a peptide hormone (ligand) that binds and activates IGF receptor tyrosine kinase. Once the ligands bind the receptors, the cell undergoes cell division and multiply. Therefore, IGF is important for the growth of muscle and bone tissues during puberty. The way the IGF hormone works is that the hormone-bound IGF receptor tyrosine kinase increases the levels of cyclins inside of the cell and promotes the progression of the cell cycle. Describe how receptor tyrosine kinase works in a general sense and how cyclins regulate the cell cycle.arrow_forward
- A study is conducted to assess the molecular mechanisms of hormone X. A radioactively labeled form of this hormone is incubated with human cells in tissue culture for 30 minutes, and then incubated briefly with a cross-linking agent. The plasma membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear fractions are isolated from the cell lysate, and the subcellular proteins are separated from these fractions by gel electrophoresis. The only protein bound to the labeled hormone is identified in the new clear fraction. Hormone X is most likely which of the following? Epinephrine Glucagon Growth hormone Insulin Thyroxinearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is FALSE? The mammalian glucocorticoid receptor: awaits the steroid hormone at the cell surface and is internalized into the cytoplasm upon glucocorticoid binding. is a hormone-dependent transcription factor. may act as an activator or repressor of transcription depending on the promoter it acts on. is sequestered in the cytoplasm by HSP90 as long as the glucocorticoid is absent. does not require phosphorylation by protein kinase A to bind DNA.arrow_forwardOne such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below: 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins. 3) Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?arrow_forward
- Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Based on its structure (shown below), explain why progesterone’s effects are mediated by a receptor located inside the cell rather than on the cell membrane.arrow_forwardWhat might occur in a cell lacking steroids in its membrane?arrow_forwardThe cell is triggered to make insulin when a glucose molecule binds to a receptor on the surface of the beta-cell. This then activates a molecule inside the cell to activate the expression of the gene. This process in which cells communicate with each other is called ___________ pathway (two words).arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is FALSE? The mammalian glucocorticoid receptor Choose one of the answers below awaits the steroid hormone at the cell surface and is internalized into the cytoplasm upon glucocorticoid binding. is a hormone-dependent transcription factor. may act as an activator or repressor of transcription depending on the promoter it acts on. is sequestered in the cytoplasm by HSP90 as long as the glucocorticoid is absent. does not require phosphorylation by protein kinase A to bind DNA.arrow_forwardPlease answer all question below. These are all the questions left.Question 7: Select one answer.What sequence describes how a steroid hormone impacts gene expression?a. Steroid hormone crosses the plasma membrane, binds to an intracellular hormone receptor in the nucleus, then regulates transcription. b. Steroid hormone binds with a plasma membrane receptor, then crosses the plasma membrane, then binds to DNA and regulates transcription.c. Steroid hormone crosses the plasma membrane, binds to an intracellular hormone receptor in the cytoplasm, the receptor hormone complex then binds to DNA and regulates transcription.d. Steroid hormone crosses the plasma membrane, binds DNA and regulates transcription.NOTE: A IS INCORRECTQuestion 8: Select one answer.How do peptide hormones affect a target cell’s transcription?a. They bind to the receptor on plasma membrane and initiate a signaling pathway that regulates transcriptions. b. They bind to the plasma membrane get taken inside and bind…arrow_forwardWhat are the functions of Cell signaling proteins?arrow_forward
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