Biology: How Life Works
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781319017637
Author: James Morris, Daniel Hartl, Andrew Knoll, Melissa Michael, Robert Lue, Andrew Berry, Andrew Biewener, Brian Farrell, N. Michele Holbrook
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Chapter 19.2, Problem 8SAQ
Summary Introduction
A gene which controls the anatomical structure development in several organisms is called as homeotic genes. Example, these occur in insects, plants, echinoderms, and mammals. The proteins that encoded by the homeotic genes are called as transcription factors. These cell leads the cells to make various body parts.
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Describe the relationship between homeotic genes in Drosophila and in mice.
Explain what a morphogen is, and describe how it exerts its effects. What do you expect will happen when a morphogen is expressed in the wrong place in an embryo? List five examples of morphogens that function in Drosophila.
You have identified a Drosophila gene that is expressed exclusively in the odd-numbered "stripes" in the cellular blastoderm. Assuming that this gene is not redundant, what
would be the most likely phenotype cause by a loss-of-function mutation in this gene?
an embryo missing odd numbered segments
an adult fly with a second pair of wings instead of halteres
an embryo with two anterior ends
an embryo missing even-numbered segments
an embryo missing larval segments 3-10
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- In flies, the gap gene kruppel is expressed in a broad band in the middle of the embryo with giant expressed as its anterior border and knirps at its posterior border. How is the expression of kruppel limited to this band in the embryo? Describe the spatial regulation of the kruppel gene.arrow_forwardA mutation occurs in the Drosophila doublesex gene that prevents Tra from binding to the dsx RNA transcript. What would be the consequences of this mutation for Dsx protein expression in males? In females?arrow_forwardExpression of a homeotic gene in the wrong tissue in Drosophila results in the development of an inappropriate body part from that tissue. Explain why this happens and how it shows that homeotic genes are positive regulators of developmental pathways.arrow_forward
- A Drosophila egg that is bed lbcd may develop normally, but the adult fruit fly will not be able to produce viable offspring. How is this possible? The mother can provide the bcd mRNA required for normal development, but the adult bcd /bcd female fly cannot make its own bcd mRNA. The Hox genes in the egg play a redundant role to bcd during development in a bcd / bcd egg, but reproduction requires bcd. Drosophila sperm contains the functional bcd gene product required for normal development, but the adult sex cells will not be able to produce the functional product. The nanos gene product functionally compensates for lack of bcd expression in the developing fly but not in its offspring.arrow_forwardWhat would be the most likely effect of inhibiting the translation of hunchback mRNA throughout a Drosophila embryo?arrow_forwardWhat would be the most likely result of injecting bicoid mRNA into the posterior end of a Drosophila embryo and inhibiting the translation of nanos mRNA?arrow_forward
- In Drosophila, both fushi tarazu (ftz) and engrailed (eng) genes encode homeobox transcription factors and are capable of eliciting the expression of other genes. Both genes work at about the same time during development and in the same region to specify cell fate in body segments. To discover if ftz regulates the expression of engrailed;if engrailed regulates ftz; or if both are regulated by another gene, you perform a mutant analysis. In ftz embryos (ftz/ ftz) engrailed protein is absent; in engrailed embryos (eng/eng) ftz expression is normal. What does this tell you about the regulation of these two genes—does the engrailed gene regulate ftz, or does the ftz gene regulate engrailed?arrow_forwardWhich of the following applies to the female sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies? (Mark all that apply) When the X:A ratio is 1.0, the SXL gene is transcribed during the early embryonic stages. The SXL protein inhibits the expression of female differentiaion genes The SXL protein promotes the correct splicing of the Tra pre-mRNA so that functional Tra protein is made. The presence of the SXL protein promotes the correct splicing of the SXL pre-mRNA during later embryonic stages to ensure to continuous production of SXL protein. The Tra protein will stimulate the expression of male-specific genes.arrow_forwardYou are interested in the expression of regions of the X chromosome at different times in human fetal development. You hypothesize that large regions of the X chromosomes will be expressed at times when parts of the reproductive organs are developing. What structural and chemical characteristics of the X chromosome might you look at over time to determine when expression of genes on the X chromosome is enhanced or repressed?arrow_forward
- As shown in Figure 13-26, the Sonic hedgehog gene is expressed in many places in a developing chicken. Is theidentical Sonic hedgehog protein expressed in each tissue? If so, how do the tissues develop into different structures? If not, how are different Sonic hedgehog proteinsproduced?arrow_forwardThere is a gene in the fruit fly (Drosophila) called antennepedia. It controls the formation of which structures? What happens when it isarrow_forwardDiscuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?arrow_forward
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