A mechanism for the formation of the product in the given reaction is to be suggested. Concept introduction: Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair. Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair. Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive. Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction. Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction. Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules. In Michael reaction, the conjugate addition of α , β − unsaturated carbonyl compounds takes place. If the nucleophile is weak, then the conjugate addition is favored. Base removes acidic hydrogen and forms the enolate ion. The enolate adds to the β − carbon of α , β − unsaturated carbonyl compound and results in the formation of a new enolate. Protonation of the enolate results in the formation of the final product. In Knoevenagel condensation, a nucleophilic addition of an active methylene takes place which is further followed by dehydration.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 19, Problem 42P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A mechanism for the formation of the product in the given reaction is to be suggested.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.

Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.

Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.

In Michael reaction, the conjugate addition of α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compounds takes place.

If the nucleophile is weak, then the conjugate addition is favored.

Base removes acidic hydrogen and forms the enolate ion.

The enolate adds to the β− carbon of α,β− unsaturated carbonyl compound and results in the formation of a new enolate.

Protonation of the enolate results in the formation of the final product.

In Knoevenagel condensation, a nucleophilic addition of an active methylene takes place which is further followed by dehydration.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

Benzoic acid, Ph-COOH (C6H5CO2H), is not soluble in water while it dissolves in ether (diethyl ether), (CH3CH2)2O. Yet upon treatment with sodium hydroxide, benzoic acid turns hydrophilic and dissolves in water. Provide chemical explanation of this observation.

b) Esters can undergo hydrolysis to give an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Lactone P which is a cyclic ester, can undergo base-catalyzed hydrolysis to give a hydroxy carboxylic acid. Write the plausible mechanism for the transformation.

(b) The activating and deactivating groups could affect the position(s) of the next incoming group(s) to the benzene ring. Based on the structure below, analyze and explain the group(s) on the benzene ring is activating or deactivating group. Then, identify the product(s) formed from the following reactions. NH, CC, CH;CH,COCI AICI, (i) NH, HNO, H,SO, (ii) H Br AICI, (iii) Page 3 of 4