Chemistry: The Science in Context (Fifth Edition)
Chemistry: The Science in Context (Fifth Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780393614046
Author: Thomas R. Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, Natalie Foster, Stacey Lowery Bretz, Geoffrey Davies
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 19, Problem 19.90AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Cancer therapy using Rhenium 188 has been given to being effective in treating patients with colorectal cancer. The stated questions corresponding to Rhenium 188 are to be answered.

Concept introduction: The physical phenomenon that involves the spontaneous emission of radiations is known as radioactivity.

To determine: The symbol of Rhenium 188 and the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in it.

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 19.90AP

Solution

The symbol of Rhenium 188 is 188Re . The number of protons is 75 , the number of electrons is also 75 and the number of neutrons is 113 .

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

The symbol for Rhenium 188 is 188Re . The atomic number of Rhenium is 75 and the number of protons is equal to the atomic number, therefore, the number of protons is 75 . As the species is neutral and in a neutral species the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, therefore the number of electrons is also 75 . The number of neutrons is given as,

Mass number=Number of protons+Number of neutrons

Substitute the value of mass number and number of protons in the above equation,

Mass number=Number of protons+Number of neutrons188=75+Number of neutronsNumber of neutrons=113

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The possibility of the lower number of neutrons in the isotopes of 188Re .

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 19.90AP

Solution

The various isotopes of Rhenium are 182Re , 183Re , 184Re , 185Re , 186Re , 187Re , ad these have lower number of neutrons in the isotopes of 188Re .

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

Those species that have the same atomic number but different mass number are called isotopes. The various isotopes of Rhenium are 182Re , 183Re , 184Re , 185Re , 186Re , 187Re , as all these are isotopes it means that they have the same atomic number of 75 but as the mass number is different and is less than Rhenium 188 , it means that the number of neutrons in them is less in comparison to 188Re .

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The percentage of the Rhenium that remains after binding to the antibody.

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 19.90AP

Solution

The percentage of the Rhenium that remains after binding to the antibody is 98%_ .

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

Given

The half-life of Rhenium is 17h .

The time period is 30min .

The conversion of h into min is given as,

1h=60min

Hence, the conversion of 17h into min is given as,

17h=17×60min=1020min

The number of half lives is given as,

n=tt1/2

Where,

  • n is the number of half-lives.
  • t is the total time period for the reaction.
  • t1/2 is the half-life.

Substitute the value of t and t1/2 in the above equation as,

n=tt1/2=30min1020min=0.0294

The ratio of the final and initial amount of the radioactive substance remaining after a given time is calculated as,

FinalamountInitialamount=(0.5)n

Substitute the value of n in the above equation as,

FinalamountInitialamount=(0.5)nFinalamountInitialamount=(0.5)0.0294=0.98

Therefore, the percentage of the Rhenium that remains after binding to the antibody =0.98×100=98%_

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The reason behind the non-usage of alpha emitters in the treatment of cancer.

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 19.90AP

Solution

The damage caused by alpha particles to the various tissues is the reason that alpha emitters are not effective in treatment of cancer.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

The energy of alpha particles is higher than that of the beta particles. They even damage the tissue and also cause ionization in a small volume. As the energy of beta-particles is lower than that of the alpha particles, therefore they do not cause much damage to the tissue. Therefore, alpha emitters are not effective in treatment of cancer.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

To determine: The two most abundant isotopes of Rhenium, their natural abundances and the path taken by radioactive isotope for the decay process it undergoes.

(e)

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 19.90AP

Solution

The two most abundant isotopes of Rhenium are 185Re and 187Re ad their natural abundances are 37.4% for 185Re and 62.6% for 187Re .

Radioactive isotopes try to achieve the atomic number of the element that is present next to it in the periodic table.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation

The two most abundant isotopes of Rhenium are 185Re and 187Re ad their natural abundances are 37.4% for 185Re and 62.6% for 187Re .

There is either more or less number of neutrons present in the radioactive isotopes and these are highly unstable. Therefore, the decay occurs either by the emission of alpha particles or beta particles and the pathway they adopt is such that they try to achieve the atomic number of the element that is present next to it in the periodic table. The element that is present next to Rhenium in periodic table is Os .

Conclusion

  1. a. The symbol of Rhenium 188 is 188Re . The number of protons is 75 , the number of electrons is also 75 and the number of neutrons is 113 .
  2. b. The various isotopes of Rhenium are 182Re , 183Re , 184Re , 185Re , 186Re , 187Re ,ad these have lower number of neutrons in the isotopes of 188Re .
  3. c. The percentage of the Rhenium that remains after binding to the antibody is 98%_ .
  4. d. The damage caused by alpha particles to the various tissues is the reason that alpha emitters are not effective in treatment of cancer.
  5. e. The two most abundant isotopes of Rhenium are 185Re and 187Re ad their natural abundances are 37.4% for 185Re and 62.6% for 187Re .

    Radioactive isotopes try to achieve the atomic number of the element that is present next to it in the periodic table

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Chapter 19 Solutions

Chemistry: The Science in Context (Fifth Edition)

Ch. 19 - Prob. 19.5VPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.6VPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.7VPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.8VPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.9VPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.10VPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.11QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.12QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.13QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.14QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.15QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.16QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.17QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.18QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.19QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.20QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.21QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.22QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.23QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.24QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.25QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.26QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.27QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.28QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.29QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.30QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.31QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.32QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.33QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.34QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.35QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.36QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.37QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.38QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.39QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.40QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.41QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.42QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.43QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.44QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.45QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.46QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.47QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.48QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.49QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.50QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.51QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.52QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.53QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.54QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.55QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.56QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.57QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.58QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.59QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.60QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.61QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.62QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.63QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.64QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.65QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.66QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.67QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.68QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.69QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.70QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.71QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.72QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.73QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.74QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.75QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.76QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.77QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.78QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.79QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.80QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.81QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.82QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.83QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.84QPCh. 19 - Prob. 19.85APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.86APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.87APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.88APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.89APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.90APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.91APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.92APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.93APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.94APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.95APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.96APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.97APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.98APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.99APCh. 19 - Prob. 19.100AP
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