Chapter 19, Problem 19.30E

(1)

To determine

Stock appreciation rights (SARs): Stock appreciation rights are the compensation plans provided in the form of rights to receive cash or shares for the appreciated value (difference between the market price of shares on the exercise date and the market price of shares on the grant date). The choice between the cash or shares would be chosen either by employers or employees.

Journal entry: Journal entry is a set of economic events which can be measured in monetary terms. These are recorded chronologically and systematically.

Debit and credit rules:

• Debit an increase in asset account, increase in expense account, decrease in liability account, and decrease in stockholders’ equity accounts.
• Credit decrease in asset account, increase in revenue account, increase in liability account, and increase in stockholders’ equity accounts.

To journalize: The entry to record the grant of SARs on January 1, 2018, and mention whether SARs would be reported as debt or equity.

Explanation of Solution

If the employee chooses to issue cash or shares, the SARs are considered as liability. In the given case, employees are given the right to choose either cash or stock. The compensation expense is recorded over the service period. Since the SARs are considered as liability, those should be adjusted each year, to reflect the fair value, until the SARS are paid. The estimated periodic compensation expense of prior years is reduced to adjust the expense. Since the compensation expense would be recognized only after the completion of one year, do not record any entry for this transaction on the grant date.

(2)

To determine

To journalize: The entries related to SARs from December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2021.

Explanation of Solution

Prepare journal entry for compensation expense on December 31, 2018.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2018
December	31	Compensation Expense		24,000,000
		Liability–SAR Plan			24,000,000
		(To record compensation expense)

Table (1)

• Compensation Expense is an expense account. Since expenses decrease stockholders’ equity, and a decrease in stockholders’ equity is debited.
• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since shares or cash should be paid by the company, liability has increased, and an increase in liability is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute compensation expense for 2018.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Compensation }\\ \text{expense}\end{array}\}\text{ = }\left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{Fair value as on December 31, 2018 }\times \\ \text{Number of SARs granted }\times \\ \frac{\text{Number of years completed in vesting period}}{\text{Vesting period}}\end{array}\right\}\\ \text{= \$4}\times \text{24,000,000 SARs}\times \frac{\text{1 year}}{\text{4 years}}\\ =\$24,000,000\end{array}$ (1)

Prepare journal entry for compensation expense on December 31, 2019.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2019
December	31	Compensation Expense		12,000,000
		Liability–SAR Plan			12,000,000
		(To record compensation expense)

Table (2)

• Compensation Expense is an expense account. Since expenses decrease stockholders’ equity, and a decrease in stockholders’ equity is debited.
• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since shares or cash should be paid by the company, liability has increased, and an increase in liability is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute compensation expense for 2019.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Compensation }\\ \text{expense}\end{array}\}\text{ = }\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Fair value as on December 31, 2019 × }\\ \text{Number of SARs granted × }\\ \frac{\text{Number of years completed in vesting period}}{\text{Vesting period}}\end{array}\right)\text{–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2018}\end{array}\right\}\\ \text{= }\left(\text{\$3×24,000,000 SARs×}\frac{\text{2 years}}{\text{4 years}}\right)–\$24,000,000\\ =\$12,000,000\end{array}$ (2)

Note: Refer to Equation (1) for value and computation of compensation expense in 2018.

Prepare journal entry for compensation expense on December 31, 2020.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2020
December	31	Compensation Expense		36,000,000
		Liability–SAR Plan			36,000,000
		(To record compensation expense)

Table (3)

• Compensation Expense is an expense account. Since expenses decrease stockholders’ equity, and a decrease in stockholders’ equity is debited.
• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since shares or cash should be paid by the company, liability has increased, and an increase in liability is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute compensation expense for 2020.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Compensation }\\ \text{expense}\end{array}\}\text{ =}\left[\begin{array}{l}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{Fair value as on December 31, 2020 × }\\ \text{Number of SARs granted × }\\ \frac{\text{Number of years completed in vesting period}}{\text{Vesting period}}\end{array}\right\}\text{–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2018–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2019}\\ \end{array}\right]\\ \text{=}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\text{\$4×24,000,000 SARs×}\frac{\text{3 years}}{\text{4 years}}\right)\text{–}\\ \text{\$24,000,000–\$12,000,000}\end{array}\right\}\\ =\$36,000,000\end{array}$ (3)

Note: Refer to Equations (1) and (2) for value and computation of compensation expense in 2018 and 2019.

Prepare journal entry for compensation expense on December 31, 2021.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2021
December	31	Liability–SAR Plan		12,000,000
		Compensation Expense			12,000,000
		(To record compensation expense)

Table (4)

• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since fair value of share is much below till date, liability is decreased, and a decrease in liability is debited.
• Compensation Expense is an expense account. Since fair value of share is much below till date, the compensation expense is reduced, andthe account is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute compensation expense for 2021.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Compensation }\\ \text{expense}\end{array}\}\text{ =}\left[\begin{array}{l}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{Fair value as on December 31, 2021 × }\\ \text{Number of SARs granted × }\\ \frac{\text{Number of years completed in vesting period}}{\text{Vesting period}}\end{array}\right\}\text{–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2018–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2019}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2020}\end{array}\right]\\ \text{=}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\text{\$2}\text{.50×24,000,000 SARs×}\frac{\text{4 years}}{\text{4 years}}\right)\text{–}\\ \text{\$24,000,000–\$12,000,000–\$36,000,000}\end{array}\right\}\\ =\$\left(12,000,000\right)\end{array}$ (4)

Note: Refer to Equations (1), (2) and (3) for value and computation of compensation expense in 2018, 2019, and 2020.

(3)

To determine

To prepare: Journal entry for the unexercised SARs as on December 31, 2022

Explanation of Solution

Prepare journal entry to record unexercised SARs as on December 31, 2022.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2022
December	31	Compensation Expense		12,000,000
		Liability–SAR Plan			12,000,000
		(To record liability adjustment when the rights are unexercised)

Table (5)

• Compensation Expense is an expense account. Since the compensation expense is adjusted, the account is debited.
• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since SARs are unexercised by the employees, liability is adjusted, and liability is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute the amount of liability as at December 31, 2022.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Compensation }\\ \text{expense}\end{array}\}\text{ =}\left[\begin{array}{l}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\text{Fair value as on December 31, 2022 × }\\ \text{Number of SARs granted × all}\end{array}\right\}\text{–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2018–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2019–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2020+}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2021}\end{array}\right]\\ \text{=}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\text{\$3 × 24,000,000 SARs × all}\right)\text{–}\\ \text{\$24,000,000–\$12,000,000–}\\ \text{\$36,000,000+\$12,000,000}\end{array}\right\}\\ =\$12,000,000\end{array}$ (5)

Note: Refer to Equations (1), (2), (3), and (4) for value and computation of compensation expense in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

(4)

To determine

To journalize: The entry for SARs exercised on June 6, 2023

Explanation of Solution

Journalize the entry for options exercised.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2023
June	6	Compensation Expense		24,000,000
		Liability–SAR Plan			24,000,000
		(To record liability adjustment when the rights are exercised)

Table (6)

• Compensation Expense is an expense account. Since the compensation expense is adjusted, the account is debited.
• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since SARs are unexercised by the employees, liability is adjusted, and liability is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute the amount of liability as at June 6 2023.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Compensation }\\ \text{expense}\end{array}\}\text{ =}\left[\begin{array}{l}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Market price on exercise date– }\\ \text{Market price on grant date}\end{array}\right)\times \\ \text{Number of SARs granted × all}\end{array}\right\}\text{–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2018–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2019–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2020+}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2021–}\\ \text{Compensation expense in 2022}\end{array}\right]\\ \text{=}\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\left(\text{\$50–\$46}\right)\text{ × 24,000,000 SARs × all}\right)\text{–}\\ \text{\$24,000,000–\$12,000,000–}\\ \text{\$36,000,000+\$12,000,000–\$12,000,000}\end{array}\right\}\\ =\$24,000,000\end{array}$

Note: Refer to Equations (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5) for value and computation of compensation expense in 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

Journalize the payment of SARs, which was a liability, as cash.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
2023
June	6	Liability–SAR Plan		96,000,000
		Cash			96,000,000
		(To record payment of liability of SARs)

Table (7)

• Liability–SAR Plan is a liability account. Since SARs are exercised, liability is decreased, and a decrease in liability is debited.
• Cash is an asset account. Since SARs are exercised and cash is paid, asset is decreased, and a decrease in asset is credited.

Working Notes:

Compute the amount of cash to be paid for SARs granted.

$\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{l}\text{Cash to be paid }\\ \text{for SARs}\end{array}\}\text{ = }\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Market price on exercise date – }\\ \text{Market price on grant date}\end{array}\right)\text{ × }\\ \text{Number of SARs granted}\end{array}\right\}\\ \text{= }\left(\text{\$50–\$46}\right)\text{×24,000,000 SARs}\\ \text{= \$96,000,000}\end{array}$