Understanding Our Universe
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780393614428
Author: PALEN, Stacy, Kay, Laura, Blumenthal, George (george Ray)
Publisher: W.w. Norton & Company,
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Chapter 18, Problem 7QAP
To determine
The reason why a star in the halo of the Milky Way is likely outside of the galactic habitable zone.
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Suppose that stars were born at random times over the last 10e10 years. The rate ofstar formation is simply the number of stars divided by 10e10 years. The fraction ofstars with detected extrasolar planets is at least 9 %. The rate of star formation can bemultiplied by this fraction to find the rate planet formation. How often (in years) doesa planetary system form in our galaxy? Assume the Milky Way contains 7 × 10e11 stars.
I've done this problem 3 different times from scratch and looked at similar problems here. Each time my answer is 1.587 (1.59 rounded to 2 significant figures), but when I submit, it says the answer is wrong. What do you think?
Suppose that stars were born at random times over the last 1010 years. The rate of star formation is simply the number of stars divided by 1010 years. The fraction of stars with detected extrasolar planets is at least 11 %. The rate of star formation can be multiplied by this fraction to find the rate planet formation. How often (in years) does a planetary system form in our galaxy? Assume the Milky Way contains 3 × 1011 stars.
As a cluster of stars begins to age, which type of star in the cluster will move off the main sequence of the H-R diagram first?
1)
all the stars in a cluster are born at the same time; so they will all move off the main sequence at the same time, as they evolve
2)
G type stars, like our Sun
3)
M type stars, which are the coolest
4)
the lowest mass stars, which have the least amount of fuel for fusion
5)
the O and B type stars
Chapter 18 Solutions
Understanding Our Universe
Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 18.1CYUCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.2CYUCh. 18.3 - Prob. 18.3CYUCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.4CYUCh. 18 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 4QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 5QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 6QAP
Ch. 18 - Prob. 7QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 8QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 9QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 10QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 11QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 12QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 13QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 14QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 15QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 16QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 17QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 18QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 19QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 20QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 22QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 23QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 24QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 25QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 26QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 27QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 28QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 29QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 30QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 31QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 32QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 33QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 34QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 35QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 36QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 37QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 38QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 41QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 42QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 43QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 44QAPCh. 18 - Prob. 45QAP
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- F2 Planets in the habitable zone of their stars: 1 #3 3 O are so far from their stars that it is very difficult to discover them O are at a temperature where water can exist as a liquid on the planet's surface O are always the planets closest to the star are also called hot Jupiters O cannot exist around stars that are red dwarfs (spectral type M) E G D F3 $ 54 2 4 R F4 LL F DII % 5 Q Search F5 T 9 -0. G < 6 A F6 Y * F7 & 7 H PrtScn U FB 8 Home Jarrow_forwardAnother explanation for the Universe is the Steady State Hypothesis. The Steady State Hypothesis says that the Universe has always existed and is infinite in extent. Which of the following supports the Big Bang Theory and which supports the Steady State Model. (Select B-Big Bang Theory, S-Steady State Model, If the first is B and the rest S, enter BSSSSS). A) An observation that some globular clusters show M-type stars that have evolved off the main sequence. B) The measurement of redshifts that show galaxies appear to be moving away from each other and the Universe is expanding. C) A measurement that shows the density of the Universe is close to the critical density. D) The measurement of the microwave background radiation. E) Observing that galaxies at very large distances look identical to those in the nearby universe.arrow_forwardBased on what you know about the interactions between stars and other interstellar media, select all of the correct statements from the following list. -Coronal gas is ejected from supernova explosions. -Clouds of neutral hydrogen have masses of hundreds of solar masses. -The intercloud medium is cool.Much interstellar dust comes from stellar atmospheres. -Molecular clouds are where stars are born. -Molecular clouds are of very low density; ultraviolet photons permeate the cloud to break up all molecules.arrow_forward
- 1. A planetary nebula has an angular diameter of 76 arc seconds and a distance of 5100 ly. What is its linear diameter (in ly)? Hint: Use the small-angle formula: angular diameter (in arc seconds) 2.06 ✕ 105 = linear diameter distance 2. Suppose a planetary nebula is 3.2 pc in diameter, and Doppler shifts in its spectrum show that the planetary nebula is expanding at 31 km/s. How old is the planetary nebula in yr? (Note: 1 pc = 3.1 ✕ 1013 km and 1 yr = 3.2 ✕ 107 s.)arrow_forwardThe chemical abundance of population I stars a. indicates that they were formed before the population II stars. b. indicates that the material they formed from had been enriched with material from supernovae. c. indicates that they contain very few heavy metals compared to halo stars. d. depends on the temperature of the star. e. depends on the mass of the star.arrow_forwardThe traditional theory of the formation of our galaxy CANNOT explain a. the existence of the disk of the galaxy. b. the fact that the oldest stars in the galaxy are not metal free. c. the spherical distribution of the globular clusters. d. the difference in metal abundance of the population I and II stars. e. the existence of the nuclear bulge.arrow_forward
- Describe the life cycles of both low mass and high mass stars, understand how their properties change during each evolutionary stage and how their evolution can be represented on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagramarrow_forwardSelect all of the statements about the main sequence stage in the life of a star that are TRUE: All stars spend the majority of their lives in the main sequence stage. Most stars lose a significant amount of mass while they are on the Main Sequence. Different stars spend a different amounts of time (number of years) in the main sequence stage, depending on the characteristics they were born with. Main sequence stars are rare in the Galaxy, so we are lucky to be living around one. During the main sequence stage, energy to power the star is provided by the fusion of hydrogen.arrow_forwardIf you want to find a sizeable collection of Population Il stars in the Milky Way Galaxy, where would be a good place to look? A. near the Sun B. in a globular cluster high above the Galaxy's disk C. in the Orion Spur D.on the outer surface of giant molecular clouds E. in an open cluster, especially one with a lot of dust in and around itarrow_forward
- Hotter, more massive stars are virtually absent from globular clusters. What does this tell us? a) Only that for some reason, massive stars never formed in these clusters. b) Globular clusters are among the youngest objects in our galaxy. c) Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Galaxy.arrow_forwardThe mass of the interstellar medium is determined by a balance between sources (which add mass) and sinks (which remove it). Make a table listing the major sources and sinks, and briefly explain each one.arrow_forwardA molecular cloud is about 1000 times denser than the average of the interstellar medium. Let’s compare this difference in densities to something more familiar. Air has a density of about 1 kg/m3, so something 1000 times denser than air would have a density of about 1000 kg/m3. How does this compare to the typical density of water? Of granite? (You can find figures for these densities on the internet.) Is the density difference between a molecular cloud and the interstellar medium larger or smaller than the density difference between air and water or granite?arrow_forward
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