Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305073951
Author: Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 18, Problem 2DAA
Summary Introduction

To find: The species that is most closely related to the “Apapane” (Himatione sanguinea).

Concept introduction: A cladogram is a diagrammatic representation used to represent the relationship between the different groups of organisms. It is very helpful for comparing many number of clades based on different aspects. A clade is a group of species used in cladograms, which consists of one ancestor and all its descendants. Outgroups in a cladogram are used as point of comparison for the ingroup and completely allows for the phylogeny to be rooted.

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L Gymnospermae 100 200 100 200 300 Amphibia 0 50 100 150 200 0 25 50 75 100 Aranea Diptera 50 100 150 50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 050 100 150 200 Clade age (my) Clade age (my) Clade age (my) Clade age (my) Figure 3. The relationship between species richness and clade age in twelve groups. Question 8. Suppose species in old clades were more likely to go extinct. How would this change the relationship between clade age and species richness? Log (richness) Log (richness) Log (richness) Angiospermae 0 100 Actinopterygii ● • 0100 200 0 200 ● ● T 300 400 Squamata 0 2. 0 6 0 0 0 300 4 2 0 2 0 4 2- 0 Pteridophyta 200 0 100 Mammalia ● 000 00 0 25 Coleoptera 0 300 50 75 2 2 0 Aves Chondricthyes
Gymnospermae 100 200 Amphibia 050 100 150 200 Aranea 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 Clade age (my) Clade age (my) Clade age (my) Clade age (my) Figure 3. The relationship between species richness and clade age in twelve groups. Question 5. In which animal group(s) is there a strong positive relationship between species richness and clade age? Question 6. What is the relationship between species richness and clade age in mammals? Log (richness) Log (richness) Log (richness) Angiospermae 0 100 Actinopterygii ● ● ● T 200 300 400 Squamata 0 0 100 200 2. 0 2 0 300 6 4 2 2 0 10 2 0 Pteridophyta 200 0 100 Mammalia ●00 000000 0 25 50 75 Coleoptera 300 0 2 0 0 100 Aves 0 Chondricthyes 200 300 0 25 50 75 100 Diptera
Answer each item with either “Yes” or “No”. If the answer is No, write a 1-sentence statement that gives the correct interpretation of the relationship of the species mentioned. 1. pinea and heldrechii are sister to each other 2. merkusii is equally related to heldreichii and pinea 3. The group consisting only of (longaeva, brutia and sylvestris) is polyphyletic. 4. The group consisting only of (heldreichii, bruita and pinea) is polyphyletic.
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