Chemistry
13th Edition
ISBN: 9781259911156
Author: Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 17, Problem 17.101QP
Which of the following is not accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the system: (a) mixing of two gases at the same temperature and pressure, (b) mixing of ethanol and water, (c) discharging a battery, (d) expansion of a gas followed by compression to its original temperature, pressure, and volume?
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Chapter 17 Solutions
Chemistry
Ch. 17.3 - How does the entropy of a system change for each...Ch. 17.3 - For which of the following physical changes is S...Ch. 17.3 - Determine if the sign for S is positive or...Ch. 17.4 - Prob. 2PECh. 17.4 - Prob. 3PECh. 17.4 - Calculate the standard entropy change for the...Ch. 17.4 - Consider the gas-phase reaction of A2 (blue) and...Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 4PECh. 17.5 - The molar heats of fusion and vaporization of...Ch. 17.5 - Under what circumstances will an endothermic...
Ch. 17.5 - Prob. 2RCFCh. 17.5 - Prob. 3RCFCh. 17.5 - Prob. 4RCFCh. 17.6 - Calculate the equilibrium constant (KP) for the...Ch. 17.6 - Prob. 7PECh. 17.6 - Prob. 8PECh. 17.6 - A reaction has a positive H and a negative S.Is...Ch. 17.6 - For the reaction A(g)+B(g)C(g) G = 33.3 kJ/mol at...Ch. 17.6 - For the reaction C(aq)A(aq)+B(aq) G = 1.95 kJ/mol...Ch. 17 - Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process....Ch. 17 - State which of the following processes are...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.3QPCh. 17 - Define entropy. What are the units of entropy?Ch. 17 - How does the entropy of a system change for each...Ch. 17 - State the second law of thermodynamics in words...Ch. 17 - State the third law of thermodynamics and explain...Ch. 17 - For each pair of substances listed here, choose...Ch. 17 - Arrange the following substances (1 mole each) in...Ch. 17 - Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the...Ch. 17 - Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the...Ch. 17 - Without consulting Appendix 2, predict whether the...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.14QPCh. 17 - Define free energy. What are its units?Ch. 17 - Why is it more convenient to predict the direction...Ch. 17 - Calculate G for the following reactions at 25C:...Ch. 17 - Calculate G for the following reactions at 25C:...Ch. 17 - From the values of H and S, predict which of the...Ch. 17 - Find the temperatures at which reactions with the...Ch. 17 - Explain the difference between G and G.Ch. 17 - Explain why Equation (17.14). is of great...Ch. 17 - Calculate KP for the following reaction at 25C:...Ch. 17 - For the autoionization of water at 25C,...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction at 25C:...Ch. 17 - Calculate G and KP for the following equilibrium...Ch. 17 - (a) Calculate G and KP for the following...Ch. 17 - The equilibrium constant (KP) for the reaction...Ch. 17 - Consider the decomposition of calcium carbonate:...Ch. 17 - The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction...Ch. 17 - At 25C, G for the process H2O(l)H2O(g) is 8.6...Ch. 17 - Calculate G for the process C(diamond)C(graphite)...Ch. 17 - What is a coupled reaction? What is its importance...Ch. 17 - What is the role of ATP in biological reactions?Ch. 17 - Referring to the metabolic process involving...Ch. 17 - In the metabolism of glucose, the first step is...Ch. 17 - Explain the following nursery rhyme in terms of...Ch. 17 - Calculate G for the reaction H2O(l)H+(aq)+OH(aq)...Ch. 17 - Calculate the Ssoln for the following processes:...Ch. 17 - The following reaction is spontaneous at a certain...Ch. 17 - Which of the following thermodynamic functions are...Ch. 17 - A student placed 1 g of each of three compounds A,...Ch. 17 - Use the data in Appendix 2 to calculate the...Ch. 17 - Predict the signs of H, S, and G of the system for...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.45QPCh. 17 - Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) dissolves spontaneously...Ch. 17 - Calculate the equilibrium pressure of CO2 due to...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.48QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.49QPCh. 17 - Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.51QPCh. 17 - Use the thermodynamic data in Appendix 2 to...Ch. 17 - Consider the reaction A B + C at 298 K. Given...Ch. 17 - The Ksp of AgCl is given in Table 16.2. What is...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.55QPCh. 17 - Water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, is a fuel made...Ch. 17 - Consider the following Brnstead acid-base reaction...Ch. 17 - Crystallization of sodium acetate from a...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.59QPCh. 17 - A certain reaction is spontaneous at 72C. If the...Ch. 17 - Predict whether the entropy change is positive or...Ch. 17 - 17.62The reaction NH3(g)+HCl(g)NH4Cl(s) proceeds...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.63QPCh. 17 - The molar heat of vaporization of ethanol is 39.3...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.65QPCh. 17 - In the Mond process for the purification of...Ch. 17 - Calculate G and KP for the following processes at...Ch. 17 - Calculate the pressure of O2 (in atm) over a...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.69QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.70QPCh. 17 - Consider the reaction N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) Given that...Ch. 17 - Prob. 17.72QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.73QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.74QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.75QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.76QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.77QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.78QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.79QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.80QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.81QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.82QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.83QPCh. 17 - Prob. 17.84QPCh. 17 - Shown here are the thermodynamic data for ethanol:...Ch. 17 - The reaction shown here is spontaneous at a...Ch. 17 - Consider two carboxylic acids (acids that contain...Ch. 17 - Many hydrocarbons exist as structural isomers,...Ch. 17 - Use the thermodynamic data in Appendix 2 to...Ch. 17 - A rubber band is stretched vertically by attaching...Ch. 17 - One of the steps in the extraction of iron from...Ch. 17 - Derive the equation G=RTln(Q/K) where Q is the...Ch. 17 - The sublimation of carbon dioxide at 78C is...Ch. 17 - Entropy has sometimes been described as times...Ch. 17 - Referring to Figure 17.1, we see that the...Ch. 17 - A student looked up the Gf, Hf, and S values for...Ch. 17 - Consider the following reaction at 298 K:...Ch. 17 - As an approximation, we can assume that proteins...Ch. 17 - Which of the following are not state functions: S,...Ch. 17 - Which of the following is not accompanied by an...Ch. 17 - Hydrogenation reactions (for example, the process...Ch. 17 - Give a detailed example of each of the following,...Ch. 17 - At 0 K, the entropy of carbon monoxide crystal is...Ch. 17 - Comment on the correctness of the analogy...Ch. 17 - The standard enthalpy of formation and the...Ch. 17 - In chemistry, the standard state for as solution...Ch. 17 - The following diagram shows the variation of the...Ch. 17 - Consider the gas-phase reaction between A2 (green)...Ch. 17 - The KP for the reaction N2+3H22NH3 is 2.4 103 at...Ch. 17 - The table shown here lists the ion-product...Ch. 17 - Draw the missing distributions in Figure 17.2....Ch. 17 - The reaction NH3(g)+HCl(g)NH4Cl(s) is spontaneous...Ch. 17 - The boiling point of diethyl ether is 34.6C....Ch. 17 - Nicotine is the compound in tobacco responsible...Ch. 17 - Estimate S for the process depicted in Figure...Ch. 17 - At what point in the series HOnH(g) (n = 1, 2, 3,...
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- Someone once suggested that it is impossible to unscramble a scrambled egg. Describe an unscrambled and a scrambled egg in terms of the concept of entropy.arrow_forwardExplain how the entropy of the universe increases when an aluminum metal can is made from aluminum ore. Thefirst step is to extract the ore, which is primarily a formof A12O3, from the ground. After it is purified by freeingit from oxides of silicon and iron, aluminum oxide ischanged to the metal by an input of electrical energy. 2Al2O3(s)electricalenergy4Al(s)+3O2(g)arrow_forwardConsider the reaction of 1 mol H2(g) at 25C and 1 atm with 1 mol Br2(l) at the same temperature and pressure to produce gaseous HBr at these conditions. If this reaction is run in a controlled way to generate work, what is the maximum useful work that can be obtained? How much entropy is produced in this case?arrow_forward
- Explain why absolute entropies can be measured.arrow_forwardChemists and engineers who design nuclear power plants have to worry about high-temperature reactions because it is possible for water to decompose. (a) Under what conditions does this reaction occur spontaneously? 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) (b) Under conditions where the decomposition of water is spontaneous, do nuclear engineers have to worry about an oxygen/hydrogen explosion? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardFor the decomposition of formic acid, HCOOH(l)H2O(l)+CO(g) H = +29 kJ/mol at 25C. a Does the tendency of this reaction to proceed to a state of minimum energy favor the formation of water and carbon monoxide or formic acid? Explain. b Does the tendency of this reaction to proceed to a state of maximum entropy favor the formation of products or reactants? Explainarrow_forward
- For each process, tell whether the entropy change of the system is positive or negative, (a) A glassblower heats glass (the system) to its softening temperature, (b) A teaspoon of sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee. (The system consists of both sugar and coffee.) (c) Calcium carbonate precipitates out of water in a cave to form stalactites and stalagmites. (Consider only the calcium carbonate to be the system.)arrow_forwardWhat is entropy? Why is entropy important?arrow_forwardSuppose you have four identical molecules labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4. Draw 16 simple two-flask diagrams as in thefigure for Question 17, and draw all possible arrangements of the four molecules in the two flasks. How manyof these arrangements have two molecules in each flask?How many have no molecules in one flask? From theseresults, what is the most probable arrangement of molecules? Which arrangement has the highest entropy?arrow_forward
- At room temperature, the entropy of the halogens increases from I2 to Br2 to Cl2. Explain.arrow_forwardTetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride), CCl4, has a normal boiling point of 76.7C and an enthalpy of vaporization, Hvap, of 29.82 kJ/mol. Estimate the entropy of vaporization, Svap. Estimate the free energy of vaporization, Gvap, at 25C.arrow_forwardFor each process, tell whether the entropy change of the system is positive or negative. (a) A glassblower heats glass (the system) to its softening temperature. (b) A teaspoon of sugar dissolves in a cup of coffee. (The system consists of both sugar and coffee.) (c) Calcium carbonate precipitates out of water in a cave to form stalactites and stalagmites. (Consider only the calcium carbonate to be the system.)arrow_forward
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