Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16.2, Problem 1CSC
Evolution of a Menace
The mutant alleles that confer antibiotic resistance on members of a bacterial population can move to other populations by gene flow and increase by genetic drift. For example. MRSA living on a person's skin might be transferred to her roommate's skin via a shared towel or article of clothing. After joining the population of nonresistant bacteria on the roommate's skin, the newly arrived MRSA may reproduce and may even transfer resistance alleles directly to local bacteria through a process known as conjugation (see Chapter 20). The resistance alleles, introduced to the bacterial population on the roommate's skin by gene flow, may subsequently experience genetic drift that increases their frequency. But what will happen if antibiotics are introduced to the new environment (that is. the roommate's body)? Find out in Section 16.3.
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In 1887, a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was beriberi. Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss of appetite. Victims often died of heart failure. Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood patients with beriberi. The injected chickens became sick. However, those groups of chickens that were not injected with bacteria also became sick.One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something. Before the experiment, all chickens had eaten whole grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this interesting case. He found that polished rice lack thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 16.1 - define evolution in terms of concepts from...Ch. 16.1 - define equilibrium population and describe the...Ch. 16.2 - Evolution of a Menace The mutant alleles that...Ch. 16.2 - describe how mutation, gene flow, genetic drift,...Ch. 16.2 - A flu vaccination stimulates your immune system to...Ch. 16.2 - If it were true that mutations do occur in...Ch. 16.2 - Explain how the distribution of genotypes in...Ch. 16.2 - If a population grows large again after a...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 4TCCh. 16.3 - describe why selection of phenotypes can affect...
Ch. 16.3 - A team of phys clans treated four patients with...Ch. 16.3 - If we studied a population of bighorn sheep and...Ch. 16.3 - explain how competition and predation influence...Ch. 16.3 - When selection is directional, is there any limit...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 16.3 - Microbiologists have discovered that alleles...Ch. 16.3 - compare and contrast directional selection,...Ch. 16 - In North America, the average height of adult...Ch. 16 - The ______ provides a simple mathematical model...Ch. 16 - The alleles responsible for antibiotic resistance...Ch. 16 - What is a gene pool? How would you determine the...Ch. 16 - By the 1940s, the whooping crane population had...Ch. 16 - Different versions of the same gene are called...Ch. 16 - Stabilizing selection on a trait tends to a. make...Ch. 16 - Define equilibrium population. Outline the...Ch. 16 - An organisms ______ refers to the specific alleles...Ch. 16 - An adaptation is a. any trait that arises from a...Ch. 16 - How does population size affect the likelihood of...Ch. 16 - A random form of evolution is called ________....Ch. 16 - Which of the following statements about mutations...Ch. 16 - If you measured the allele frequencies of a gene...Ch. 16 - Competition is most Intense between members of...Ch. 16 - Genetic drift occurs a. when different phenotypes...Ch. 16 - People like to say that you cant prove a negative....Ch. 16 - The evolutionary fitness of an organism is...Ch. 16 - Describe the three ways in which natural selection...Ch. 16 - What is sexual selection? How is sexual selection...
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- Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics quickly because of which processes? Select all that apply. Conjugation O Natural selection Genetic drift Mutation O Antibioticsarrow_forwardWhich of the following does not contribute to genetic variation? transduction transformation conjugation binary fission horizontal gene transferarrow_forwardKO> O The diagram below represents four different species of bacteria. Species A Species B Species C Species D TTT Which statement is correct concerning the chances of survival for these species if there is a change in the environment? O Species C has the best chance of survival because it has no gene mutations. O Neither species B nor species D will survive because they compete for the same resources. O None of the species will survive because bacteria reproduce asexually. O Species A has the best chance of survival because it has the most genetic diversity. 1 4 7 8 10 Next O 1 N CH I Oarrow_forward
- Which of the following is NOT a reason for the high levels of bacterial genetic diversity? mutation rapid reproduction genetic recombnation vertical gene transferarrow_forwardWhy is it so hard to get rid of the following organism? They undergo bottlenecking in their populations when taking antibiotics? They gain plasmids that help them build resistance. Using antibiotics are ineffective. They come from mosquitos and they are abundant. Part of their life cycle includes zoonosis with snails.arrow_forwardBacteria that live in the digestive systems of cows help break down the plants that cows eat, providing nutrients to cows. The digestive systems of cows offer a safe environment in which the bacteria can live and reproduce. Which type of realationship exist between the bacteria and the cows?arrow_forward
- Number of Bacteria X Temperature (°C) At the After 1 After 2 After 3 beginning day days days 6. 8. 12 15 48 187 15 27 126 678 (a) What is the relationship between the temperature and the rate at which the Bacteria X reproduces? (b) When the number of Bacteria X increases, it causes food to turn bad and cannot be eaten. Based on the results above, what can Rose do to preserve food for a longer period of time? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWolbachia is a genus of bacteria that infect cells of invertebrates. Surveys have found that up to a fifth of insect species have at least some individuals infected with Wolbachia. Pathogen or parasite? This endosymbiont (a symbiont that lives inside its host) bacteria can have many effects on its host, including killing offspring and changing the sex of offspring. Ary Hoffmann from the University of Melbourne in Australia, Michael Turelli from the University of California at Davis, and their associates have been studying Wolbachia infections in populations of Drosophila simulans from California. From the initial infection around 1980, Wolbachia infection spread northward across the state during the 1980s and 1990s. The most striking manifestation of infection in this fly species is cytoplasmic incompatibility: offspring produced in crosses where males are infected and the females are uninfected tend to die early in development. In crosses between infected males and infected females,…arrow_forwardThis domain is characterized by ancient bacteria that can live in extreme environments, such as volcanoes eukarya bacteria prokarya archaeaarrow_forward
- How well do you think bioremediation achieves the goal of cleaning up pollution? Your claim should be well explained and backed up with logical reasoning and facts. Support you answer with evidence about the success of genetic technology in manipulating bacterial characteristics, and historical facts about oil spill clean-ups in other parts of the world using the bioremediation process.arrow_forwardFill-in the blanks in the figure below: conjugation genetic variation antibiotic resistance DNA replication binary fission genetic recombination antibiotics mutations (9) may be acquired from other cells through combines DNA from different cells, resulting in Serious bacterial infections are treated with may not kill bacteria with genes for may result from contribute to contributes to is passed from parent to offspring through are mistakes that usually occur during kill sensitive bacteria or interfere with occurs during propagates through a growing bacterial population viaarrow_forwardAntibiotic resistance is a real concern for the continued existence of humans. Bacteria exchange genes for antibiotic resistance through , leading to large populations of antibiotic individuals. Group of answer choices Vertical Gene Transfer Asexual Reproduction Horizontal Gene Transfer Transfugationarrow_forward
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