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Case summary:
A drug blocks the sympathetic division effect on the heart. Careful investigation reveals that, after the administration of the drugs, normal action potentials are produced in the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Also, the injection of norepinephrine produces a normal response in the heart.
Adequate information:
The autonomic nervous system controls the unconscious movement of the body. It has two important divisions’ sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. They are present on the preganglionic neuron of the CNS and autonomic ganglia of the PNS. The sympathetic axons travel through the sympathetic chain ganglia to their target cell. A ganglion is nerve cell bodies which are connected to one another in a series and form plexus. The sympathetic division has postganglionic neurons on several locations of ganglia.
To determine:
The mode of action produced by the unknown drug on the sympathetic division.
Given information:
The unknown drug produces the normal action potential on the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Connect Access for Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology 180 Day Access for LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BIOL 213/215
- Give 2 examples of drugs which target neurotransmitter release or reuptake.(expect from cocaine and Prozac). Explain the mechanisms of action.arrow_forwardFentanyl is an opioid similar to morphine, except, according to the CDC, it is up to 50 times stronger than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. Discuss the effects of fentanyl on specific receptors and how the transmission of action potentials is altered. Be sure to focus only on how the action potential transmission is impacted by the drug. Be sure to provide an APA citation.arrow_forwardDiscuss the structures that any synthetic medication should first travel through before acting on the central nervous system. Explain the physiological processes involved and why these anatomical structures are necessary.arrow_forward
- Find the purpose of each of the neurotransmitters listed below. Also, describe what might happen to a person if they had an excess amount or a lesser amount of each of these neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine GABA Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Endorphin Oxytocinarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true? Chemical messengers within cells are always the main determinant of the effector response. Dual innervation is always present in all organs and glands; one branch enhances the function or secretion, while the other branch inhibits it. The beating of the heart is regulated only by the sympathetic division. Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have beta adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine.arrow_forwardBriefly compare autonomic neurons to somatic motor neurons in terms of types of effectors, number of neurons forming the pathway, speed of conduction along fibers, and neurotransmitters released. Compare and contrast the basic details of sympathetic pathways to different body regions and the details of parasympathetic pathways to the same regions (especially the length of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic fibers and relative locations of the ganglia).arrow_forward
- Epinephrine and norepinephrine are chemicals that act as both neurotransmitters and hormones. Describe where they are released from, what organs they target and how they play a role in the sympathetic nervous system.arrow_forwardA patient’s heart is beating unusually slowly. Which of the following are possible explanations? (More than one may be correct) Parasympathetic system is overactive Parasympathetic system is underactive Sympathetic system is overactive Sympathetic system is underactivearrow_forwardThe following diagram represents a typical serotonergic synapse. Where, specifically, do antidepressants work (e.g. SSRI)? Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter transporter Аxon Synaptic vesicle terminal Voltage- gated Ca?+ channel Synaptic cleft Receptor Postsynaptic density Dendrite Neurotransmitter Synaptic Vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter (aka Reuptake transporter) Receptor O All of the abovearrow_forward
- Sympathetic innervation can have pro- and anti- inflammatory effects. Which of the following statements does not support this suggestion relative to a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). O Mice lacking the beta2-adrenergic receptor were less susceptible to this experimental IBD Catecholamines acting on alpha2-adrenoreceptors led to proinflammatory (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) production worsening the IBD in mice Mice lacking the beta2-adrenergic receptor were more susceptible to this experimental IBDarrow_forwardA nerve conduction velocity test measures nerve conduction velocity. In this test, an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the length of time it takes for the corresponding muscle to contract is measured. Because the length of the nerve from stimulus point to muscle and the time it takes for the muscle to contract are both known, NCV can be calculated. This test result is helpful in distinguishing between different types of pathologies. For example, a patient with muscle weakness is being tested by a physician. There are three possible sources of the weakness: Disease of the muscle itself such as muscular dystrophy. In this condition, normal muscle tissue is replaced by adipose tissue and the muscle becomes incapable of contraction. Disease at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) such as myasthenia gravis. This condition is described in the Skeletal Muscle Histology exercise and results from damage to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle end plate. Disease…arrow_forwardDraw a graph of the autonomic system and identify the neurotransmitters and receptors such as dopamine,norephinephrine and etc. and where it binds to alpha and beta. please explain as well.arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
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