Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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During high stress environments, it has been found that some bacteria activate a genetic mechanism that allows them to incorporate more mutations into the DNA during replication. Would the following two enzymes be impacted by such a mechanism?
(i)DNA polymerase IIIii) Helicase
Many of the gene products involved in DNA synthesis were initially defined by studying mutant E. coli strains that could not synthesize DNA. (a) The dnaE gene encodes the a subunit of DNA polymerase III. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene? How could the mutant strain be maintained? (b) The dnaQ gene encodes the e subunit of DNA polymerase. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene?
All known DNA polymerases catalyze synthesis only in the 5' → 3' direction. Nevertheless, during semiconservative DNA replication in the cell, they are able to catalyze the synthesis of both daughter chains, which would appear to require synthesis in the 3' → 5' direction on one strand. Explain the process that occurs in the cell that allows for synthesis of both daughter chains by DNA polymerase
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- There are two types of excision repair, base excision repair (BER) and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Which enzymes are used in Base excision repair in E. coli?And In nucleotide excision repair, what kind of damage is repaired by this mechanism and why are cutsmade on both sides of the damaged region of DNA?arrow_forwardWhich statement is TRUE regarding the DNA ligase mechanism? A)the last step of the reaction proceeds through a tetrahedral intermediate B)ATP is an obligate donor of an adenylyl group in the reaction of the bacterial enzyme C)The high energy of a phosphoanhydride bond is conserved in the reaction D)The phosphate of the AMP product is linked to the 3'-OH of the ribose E)ATP is required as an energy source to overcome the transition state barrierarrow_forwardHuman Fbh1 helicase is important in the process of DNA replication. When a mutation occurs during the production of Fbh1, the result is a mutant Fbh1 that binds at the replication fork and prevents any helicase protein from attaching to the strand. Based on this information and the image shown, what would happen during DNA replication if this mutant helicase were present? A - Topoisomerase would unwind the DNA and an RNA primer would attach to the DNA molecule and initiate replication. The process would then stop at the blue triangle because helicase is needed to separate the strands of DNA. B - Topoisomerase would unwind the DNA, but then the process would stop at the blue triangle because helicase, the RNA primer, would not be able to attach to the DNA molecule and initiate replication. C - The process would begin at the blue triangle when topoisomerase unwinds the DNA and an RNA primer attaches to the DNA molecule and initiates replication. DNA polymerase would begin the synthesis…arrow_forward
- DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase I catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds. What is the activated intermediate in the linkage reaction catalyzed by each of these enzymes? What is the leaving group?arrow_forwardA temperature-sensitive mutation is one in which the defect is not presented functionally until the temperature is raised. In the case described below, the enzymes function normally in bacteria at 37 °C, but are non-functional at 40 °C. Predict the detailed molecular consequences of a loss of function in a temperature-sensitive mutant for each of the following enzymes: a) DNA gyrase, b) DNA polymerase III, c) DNA ligase, d) DNA polymerase I.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) and Base Excision Repair (BER) is true? Only NER involves the action of DNA ligase to seal nicks in the DNA backbone. Both NER and BER involve DNA strand cleavage by an endonuclease. Both NER and BER can be activated by exposure to visible light. Only BER requires DNA polymerase. Both NER and BER involve the creation of an apyrimidinic (AP) site.arrow_forward
- During DNA replication in E. coli, which enzyme forms the phosphodiester bond between an RNA primer and the first incoming deoxyribonucleotide for an Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand? topoisomerase DNA polymerase III DNA helicase DNA polymerase II DNA ligase Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is typically characterized by which of the following features? it is more common in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes it contains introns, but no exons it contains more exons than introns it contains exons, but no introns it contains more introns than exonsarrow_forwardDuring template-directed synthesis of a new DNA strand it can happen, if there are simple repeated sequences, that either the template strand or the strand being synthesized "slips" a short distance, and this can change the number of repeating sequence units in that stretch of repeated sequence. Which of the following processes involve such slippage? More than one answer is correct. Options: The increase in genomic copy number of a DNA transposon by transposition from a location behind a replication fork to a location ahead of the fork. Introduction of indels during DNA replication. The initial unwinding of the DNA duplex during replication by helicase. Increasing lengths of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the huntingtin gene giving rise to Huntington disease. Synthesis of primer by primase during DNA replication.arrow_forwarda) "Out of three E.coli DNA polymerases, DNA polymerases 3 has a high processivity and rate of polymerization and therefore better suited for replication of the genome" What is meant by processivity? how does the DNA polymerase 3 maintain high processivity? b) What is a replication fork ?. Give the protein/enzymes of a replication fork and describe their function?arrow_forward
- Which of the followings statements are true about DNA polymerase? 1.) It can only go in one direction, meaning the lagging strand can't be synthesized continuously. 2.) It cannot start a DNA strand from scratch, so another enzyme is needed to create "primers" as a starting point. 3.) It cannot copy epigenetic marks (such as methyl groups) on its own; these must be "copied" onto the daughter DNA strand by other enzymes after DNA replication. 4.) All of the abovearrow_forwardConsidering prokaryotes, what is the enzyme that helps hold DNA polymerase III in place when nucleotides are being added?arrow_forwardDNA ligase has the ability to relax supercoiled circular DNA in the presence of AMP but not in its absence. (a) What is the mechanism of this reaction, and why does it depend on AMP? (b) How could you determine that supercoiled DNA had in fact been relaxed?arrow_forward
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