Chapter 13, Problem 50E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The common household chemical products that contain acids and bases are to be listed, and names of the acids or bases in the products are to be named.

Concept Introduction:

According to Arrhenius, an acid is a substance that dissociates into hydronium ions in their aqueous solution, whereas a base is a substance that dissociates into hydroxide ions in their aqueous solution.

${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion is a proton that gets attached to a base that contains a pair of electrons to form a stable configuration.

Answer to Problem 50E

Solution: The list of the common household chemical products is given below:

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{Household Products containing acids}& \text{Acids}\\ \text{Car battery}& \text{Sulfuric acid }\left({\text{H}}_2{\text{SO}}_4\right)\\ \text{Lemon and organges}& \text{Citric acid }\left({\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_8{\text{O}}_7\right)\\ \text{Vinegar}& \text{Acetic acid }\left({\text{CH}}_3\text{COOH}\right)\\ \text{Milk}& \text{Lactic acid }\left({\text{C}}_3{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3\right)\\ \text{Shampoo}& \text{Salicyclic acid }\left({\text{C}}_7{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3\right)\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{Household Products containing base}& \text{Base}\\ \text{Baking soda}& \text{Sodium bicarbonate}\left({\text{NaHCO}}_3\right)\\ \text{caustic soda}& \text{Sodium hydroxide }\left(\text{NaOH}\right)\\ \text{Soaps}& \text{Potasium hydroxide}\left(\text{KOH}\right)\\ \text{Chalk}& \text{Calcium carbonate }\left({\text{CaCO}}_3\right)\\ \text{Household ammonia}& \text{Ammonium hydroxide }\left({\text{NH}}_4\text{OH}\right)\end{array}$ $$

Explanation of Solution

Acids are the substances that dissociate into hydronium ions in their aqueous solution. For example: $\text{HCl}$ dissociates in water into hydronium ions, as shown below:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{HCl}\to {\text{ H}}^{+}+{\text{ Cl}}^{-}\\ {\text{H}}^{+}+{\text{ H}}_2\text{O}\to {\text{ H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}\end{array}$

On combining the above reactions:

$\text{HCl}+{\text{ H}}_2\text{O}\to {\text{ H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}+\text{}{\text{ Cl}}^{-}$

List of the chemical products containing acids and name of the acids:

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{Household Products containing acids}& \text{Acids}\\ \text{Car battery}& \text{Sulfuric acid }\left({\text{H}}_2{\text{SO}}_4\right)\\ \text{Lemon and organges}& \text{Citric acid }\left({\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_8{\text{O}}_7\right)\\ \text{Vinegar}& \text{Acetic acid }\left({\text{CH}}_3\text{COOH}\right)\\ \text{Milk}& \text{Lactic acid }\left({\text{C}}_3{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3\right)\\ \text{Shampoo}& \text{Salicyclic acid }\left({\text{C}}_7{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3\right)\end{array}$

Similarly, a base is a substance that dissociates into hydroxide ions in its aqueous solution. For example: $\text{KOH}$ dissociates in water into hydroxide ions, as shown below:

$\text{KOH}\to {\text{ K}}^{+}+{\text{ OH}}^{-}$

List of the chemical products containing bases and name of the bases

$\begin{array}{cc}\text{Household Products containing base}& \text{Base}\\ \text{Baking soda}& \text{Sodium bicarbonate}\left({\text{NaHCO}}_3\right)\\ \text{caustic soda}& \text{Sodium hydroxide }\left(\text{NaOH}\right)\\ \text{Soaps}& \text{Potasium hydroxide}\left(\text{KOH}\right)\\ \text{Chalk}& \text{Calcium carbonate }\left({\text{CaCO}}_3\right)\\ \text{Household ammonia}& \text{Ammonium hydroxide }\left({\text{NH}}_4\text{OH}\right)\end{array}$

Conclusion

When an acid is dissolved in water, the balance between hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions shifts. There are more ${\text{H}}^{+}$ ions present as compared to ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions in the solution; therefore, the solution becomes acidic. Similarly, in the case of bases, in an aqueous solution, there are more ${\text{OH}}^{-}$ ions present as compared to ${\text{H}}^{+}$ ions, and therefore, the solution becomes basic.