Chapter 13, Problem 13.93EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$ is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$ to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is ${\text{NAD}}^{+}$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is produced in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$ to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate UDP is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$ to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ADP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$ to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.