Chapter 13, Problem 13.38EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The spatial arrangement for the chemical bonds in the left‑most carbon atom in the given structure has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.  Hydrocarbon derivatives are the one in which the compounds contain hydrogen and carbon atoms along with one or more additional elements.  The additional elements that can be present in hydrocarbon derivatives are oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine etc.

Hydrocarbons are further classified into two categories.  They are saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.  The hydrocarbons that contain single bonds between carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as saturated hydrocarbon.  The hydrocarbons that contain atleast one double or triple bond between two carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkene, alkyne and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Alkane has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n+2}}$.  Alkene in which one double is present has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Alkyne in which one triple bond is present has the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.  Cycloalkanes have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Cycloalkenes in which one double bond is present have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.

Considering the geometry of carbon atoms, the carbon atoms that have double bonds will have trigonal planar geometry.  The carbon atoms that have only single bonds attached to it will have tetrahedral geometry.  The carbon atoms that have a triple bond attached to it will have a linear geometry.

Answer to Problem 13.38EP

The spatial arrangement is identified as tetrahedral.

Explanation of Solution

Given structure is,

Looking into the left most carbon atom present in the given structure, it is not bonded to any double bonds or triple bond.  This carbon atom has only four single bonds (three with hydrogen and one with carbon atom).  Therefore, the spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is tetrahedral.

Conclusion

The spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is identified.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The spatial arrangement for the chemical bonds in the left‑most carbon atom in the given structure has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.  Hydrocarbon derivatives are the one in which the compounds contain hydrogen and carbon atoms along with one or more additional elements.  The additional elements that can be present in hydrocarbon derivatives are oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine etc.

Hydrocarbons are further classified into two categories.  They are saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.  The hydrocarbons that contain single bonds between carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as saturated hydrocarbon.  The hydrocarbons that contain atleast one double or triple bond between two carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkene, alkyne and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Alkane has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n+2}}$.  Alkene in which one double is present has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Alkyne in which one triple bond is present has the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.  Cycloalkanes have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Cycloalkenes in which one double bond is present have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.

Considering the geometry of carbon atoms, the carbon atoms that have double bonds will have trigonal planar geometry.  The carbon atoms that have only single bonds attached to it will have tetrahedral geometry.  The carbon atoms that have a triple bond attached to it will have a linear geometry.

Answer to Problem 13.38EP

The spatial arrangement is identified as tetrahedral.

Explanation of Solution

Given structure is,

Looking into the left most carbon atom present in the given structure, it is not bonded to any double bonds or triple bond.  This carbon atom has only four single bonds (three with hydrogen and one with carbon atom).  Therefore, the spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is tetrahedral.

Conclusion

The spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is identified.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The spatial arrangement for the chemical bonds in the left‑most carbon atom in the given structure has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.  Hydrocarbon derivatives are the one in which the compounds contain hydrogen and carbon atoms along with one or more additional elements.  The additional elements that can be present in hydrocarbon derivatives are oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine etc.

Hydrocarbons are further classified into two categories.  They are saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.  The hydrocarbons that contain single bonds between carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as saturated hydrocarbon.  The hydrocarbons that contain atleast one double or triple bond between two carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkene, alkyne and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Alkane has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n+2}}$.  Alkene in which one double is present has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Alkyne in which one triple bond is present has the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.  Cycloalkanes have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Cycloalkenes in which one double bond is present have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.

Considering the geometry of carbon atoms, the carbon atoms that have double bonds will have trigonal planar geometry.  The carbon atoms that have only single bonds attached to it will have tetrahedral geometry.  The carbon atoms that have a triple bond attached to it will have a linear geometry.

Answer to Problem 13.38EP

The spatial arrangement is identified as trigonal planar.

Explanation of Solution

Given structure is,

Looking into the left most carbon atom present in the given structure, it is bonded to one double bond.  This carbon atom has only two single bonds with hydrogen and a double bond with carbon atom.  Therefore, the spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is trigonal planar.

Conclusion

The spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is identified.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The spatial arrangement for the chemical bonds in the left‑most carbon atom in the given structure has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms.  Hydrocarbon derivatives are the one in which the compounds contain hydrogen and carbon atoms along with one or more additional elements.  The additional elements that can be present in hydrocarbon derivatives are oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine etc.

Hydrocarbons are further classified into two categories.  They are saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons.  The hydrocarbons that contain single bonds between carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as saturated hydrocarbon.  The hydrocarbons that contain atleast one double or triple bond between two carbon atoms in the entire molecule is known as unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Saturated hydrocarbons are alkanes.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkene, alkyne and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Alkane has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n+2}}$.  Alkene in which one double is present has general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Alkyne in which one triple bond is present has the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.  Cycloalkanes have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n}}$.  Cycloalkenes in which one double bond is present have the general molecular formula as ${\text{C}}_{\text{n}}{\text{H}}_{\text{2n-2}}$.

Considering the geometry of carbon atoms, the carbon atoms that have double bonds will have trigonal planar geometry.  The carbon atoms that have only single bonds attached to it will have tetrahedral geometry.  The carbon atoms that have a triple bond attached to it will have a linear geometry.

Answer to Problem 13.38EP

The spatial arrangement is identified as tetrahedral.

Explanation of Solution

Given structure is,

Looking into the left most carbon atom present in the given structure, it is not bonded to any double bonds or triple bond.  This carbon atom has only four single bonds (three with hydrogen and one with carbon atom).  Therefore, the spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is tetrahedral.

Conclusion

The spatial arrangement of the left-most carbon atom is identified.