The article “Brain Shunt Tested to Treat Alzheimer’s” (San Francisco Chronicle, October 23, 2002) summarizes the findings of a study that appeared in the journal Neurology. Doctors at Stanford Medical Center were interested in determining whether a new surgical approach to treating Alzheimer’s disease results in improved memory functioning. The surgical procedure involves implanting a thin tube, called a shunt, which is designed to drain toxins from the fluid-filled space that cushions the brain. Eleven patients had shunts implanted and were followed for a year, receiving quarterly tests of memory
- a. What were the researchers trying to learn? What questions motivated their research?
- b. Do you think that the study was conducted in a reasonable way? What additional information would you want in order to evaluate this study?
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis
- Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. Children with sleep apnea have behavior problems, including hyperactivity, inattention, and aggression, as well as impaired learning and diminished academic performance. The removal of tonsils and adenoids that are enlarged, causing the obstruction of the airways, is one of the most common treatments for pediatric sleep apnea. A clinical psychologist studies the effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on hyperactive behavior. Her quasi-experiment includes three groups of 11 children. The first group of children does not have sleep apnea, the second group has untreated sleep apnea, and the third group has sleep apnea treated by tonsillectomies and adenoidectomies. Hyperactivity was measured using teacher reports on the Conners Rating Scale. The sample means and sums of squared deviations of the scores for each of the three groups are presented in the table that follows. Group Sample Mean Sum…arrow_forwardAppalachian Bear Rescue (ABR) is a not-for-profit organization located near the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. ABR's programs include the rehabilitation of orphaned and injured black bears, as well as research and education about Appalachian black bears. ABR provides the most natural environment possible for rehabilitating black bears before their release back into the wild. Recently, Katie Settlage performed a study to learn more about the Appalachian black bear population in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. She and a team of researchers found 68 black bears in the park and took measurements such as paw size, weight, and shoulder height. The stem-and-leaf plots below show the shoulder heights (in centimeters) of the 40 male and 28 female bears from the study. Shoulder Heights (in cm) of Male Bears Shoulder Heights (in cm) of Female Bears 4 9 Key: 4 9 = 49 Key: 5|0 = 50 5 7 8 9 71 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 788 8 123 4 4 5 6 79 90 0 3 6 79 7 8 1 2 3 3 3 33 4 6 7 555 5…arrow_forwardIn August and September 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita caused extraordinary flooding in New Orleans, Louisiana. Many homes were severely damaged or destroyed; of those that survived, many required extensive cleaning. It was thought that cleaning flood-damaged homes might present a health hazard due to the large amounts of mold present in many of the homes. The article “Health Effects of Exposure to Water-Damaged New Orleans Homes Six Months After Hurricanes Katrina and Rita” (K. Cummings, J. Cox-Ganser, et al., American Journal of Public Health, 2008:869–875) reports that in a sample of 365 residents of Orleans Parish who had participated in the cleaning of one or more homes, 77 had experienced symptoms of wheezing, and in a sample of 179 residents who had not participated in cleaning, 23 reported wheezing symptoms (numbers read from a graph). Can you conclude that the frequency of wheezing symptoms is greater among those residents who participated in the cleaning of flood-damaged…arrow_forward
- Dairy cattle are cattle that are bred for their ability to produce large quantities of milk. Lameness is a condition that can be detrimental to cattle since it can be painful and result in deleterious effects on the animal’s welfare. It is a condition in which cows have difficulty moving and especially walking. Investigators are interested in whether milk production in dairy cows is associated with whether or not the cow becomes lame. They think that the age of the cow (young or old) may confound and/or modify the relationship between milk production and lameness and so they collect information on the age of the cows as well. The data that cross classifies lame status and milk production status is stratified by age and provided in the tables below. Use SAS to complete each part. (a) Ignoring age, report the estimate for the OR and its corresponding 95% confidence interval. Interpret both. (b) Ignoring age, is milk production associated with lameness? Justify your response using a…arrow_forwardBody Fat. J. McWhorter et al. of the College of Health Sciences at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, studied physical therapy students during their graduate-school years. The researchers were interested in the fact that, although graduate physical-therapy students are taught the principles of fitness, some have difficulty finding the time to implement those principles. In the study, published as “An Evaluation of Physical Fitness Parameters for Graduate Students” (Journal of American College Health, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 32–37), a sample of 27 female graduate physical-therapy students had a mean of 22.46 percent body fat. a. Assuming that percent body fat of female graduate physicaltherapy students is normally distributed with standard deviation 4.10 percent body fat, determine a 95% confidence interval for the mean percent body fat of all female graduate physical-therapy students. b. Obtain the margin of error, E, for the confidence interval you found in part (a). c. Explain the…arrow_forwardA researcher hypothesized that children's cholesterol levels may be affected by educating their parents on proper nutrition and exercise. A random sample of 40 families with a child between the ages of 10 to 15 who had been diagnosed with high cholesterol were recruited to participate in the study. All parents were provided with educational information on nutrition and exercise. After following the prescribed program, the child's total cholesterol was measured. The children's (the sample) mean cholesterol level was 185 with a standard deviation of 19.5. Is there significant evidence of that their cholesterol level after this intervention is lower than the population mean of 191?arrow_forward
- Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and has several important functions. Most of the body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth, where it functions to support their structure. Recommendations for calcium are provided in Dietary Reference Intakes, developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. The recommended adequate intake (RAI) for calcium for adults (ages 19-50) is 1000 mg per day. A random sample of 18 adults with incomes below the poverty level gave the following calcium intakes:886 633 943 847 934 8411193 820 774 834 1050 10581192 975 1313 872 1079 809Assume the population standard deviation for daily calcium intake for adults with incomes below the poverty level is 188mg.At the 0.05 level of significance, does the data provided above provide evidence to suggest that the mean calcium intake of all adults with incomes below the poverty level is less than the RAI pf 1000mg per day? Step 1: Define the parameter & setup the…arrow_forwardYour team members conducted a study where they had participants watch a lecture video in either (a) virtual reality (VR), (b) large projector screen (PS), or (c) a computer screen (CP). They are interested in whether immersion, such as that experienced when in a learning while wearing a virtual reality helmet, increases students’ grades and decreases mind wandering in class. At one point in the middle of the lecture, participants were interrupted to answer a question about their thoughts. They answered the question, “were you thinking about something other than the lecture?” on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 9 (extremely). This question measures what psychologists call “task-unrelated thought” (TUT) and it’s a common measure of mind wandering pertaining to learning because it assesses whether students are experiencing thoughts that are off-topic and unrelated to the task at hand (i.e., listening to a lecture). At the end of the lecture, participants completed a brief quiz to measure…arrow_forwardA horse is fed 19.1 pounds per day of hay (AF basis), and excretes 20.6 pounds per day of feces (as is) and 9.5 pounds per day of urine (wet). Lab analysis shows that the hay contains 91.2% DM and 59.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on a DM basis, and the feces contains 30.4% DM and 52.9% NDF on a DM basis. What is the percent NDF digestibility of the hay? You Answered Correct Answer 67.82 margin of error 0.5arrow_forward
- The glycemic index (GI) is a rating system for foods containing carbohydrates. It shows how quickly each food affects your blood sugar (glucose) level when that food is eaten on its own. A random sample of 33 children were provided with a breakfast of low GI foods on one day and high GI foods on another. The two breakfasts contained the same quantities of carbohydrate, fat and protein. On each day a buffet lunch was provided, and the number of calories eaten at lunchtime were recorded. On the first day the children ate a low GI breakfast and on the second day a high GI breakfast. Let be the true mean of the differences in calorie intake for a high GI and a low GI breakfast, respectively. The researcher wants to conduct inference on to determine whether the kind of breakfast eaten has an effect on mean calorie intake. The differences are calculated as calorie intake after high-GI breakfast minus calorie intake after low-GI breakfast. The sample mean of the differences of 63.543…arrow_forwardThe glycemic index (GI) is a rating system for foods containing carbohydrates. It shows how quickly each food affects your blood sugar (glucose) level when that food is eaten on its own. A random sample of 33 children were provided with a breakfast of low GI foods on one day and high GI foods on another. The two breakfasts contained the same quantities of carbohydrate, fat and protein. On each day a buffet lunch was provided, and the number of calories eaten at lunchtime were recorded. On the first day the children ate a low GI breakfast and on the second day a high GI breakfast. Let be the true mean of the differences in calorie intake for a high GI and a low GI breakfast, respectively. The researcher wants to conduct inference on to determine whether the kind of breakfast eaten has an effect on mean calorie intake. The differences are calculated as calorie intake after high-GI breakfast minus calorie intake after low-GI breakfast. The sample mean of the differences of 63.543…arrow_forwardA CBS News poll conducted June 10 and 11, 2006, among a nationwide random sarmple of 651 adults, asked those adults about their party affiliation (Democrat, Republican or none) and their opinion of how the US economy was changing ("getting better," getting worse" or "about the same"). The results are shown in the table below.arrow_forward
- Linear Algebra: A Modern IntroductionAlgebraISBN:9781285463247Author:David PoolePublisher:Cengage Learning