Explanation Given info: Frequency of heterozygous carriers 2 p (1 − p ) Concept used: Finding maximum or minimum value by making square a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 = ( a + b ) 2 a 2 − 2 a b + b 2 = ( a − b ) 2 Calculation: Let y = 2 p ( 1 − p ) = 2 p − 2 p 2 = − 2 p 2 + 2 p = − 2(p 2 − p) ( taking − 2 as common ) = − 2 ( ( p ) 2 − 2 . ( p ) . 1 2 + ( 1 2 ) 2 − ( 1 2 ) 2 ) (Adjusting to make square) = − 2 ( ( p − 1 2 ) 2 − 1 4 ) ( a 2 -2ab+b 2 = ( a-b ) 2 ) = − 2 ( p − 1 2 ) 2 + 1 2 Square of real expression ≥ 0

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Question

Chapter 1.2, Problem 48E

To determine

If the alleles A and B of the cystic fibrosis gene occur in a population with frequencies

(p) and (1−p)(where p is a fraction between 0 and 1) Then the frequency of heterozygous carriers (Carriers with both alleles) is 2p(1−p), which value of p Gives the largest frequency of heterozygous carriers.

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Chapter 1.2, Problem 47E

Chapter 1.2, Problem 49E

Chapter 1 Solutions

CALCULUS (CLOTH)

Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 1PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 2PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 3PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 4PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 5PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 6PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 7PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 8PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 9PQ Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 10PQ

Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 1E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 2E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 3E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 4E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 5E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 6E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 7E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 8E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 9E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 10E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 11E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 12E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 13E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 14E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 15E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 16E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 17E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 18E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 19E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 20E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 21E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 22E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 23E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 24E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 25E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 26E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 27E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 28E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 29E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 30E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 31E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 32E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 33E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 34E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 35E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 36E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 37E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 38E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 39E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 40E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 41E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 42E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 43E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 44E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 45E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 46E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 47E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 48E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 49E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 50E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 51E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 52E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 53E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 54E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 55E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 56E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 57E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 58E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 59E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 60E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 61E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 62E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 63E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 64E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 65E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 66E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 67E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 68E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 69E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 70E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 71E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 72E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 73E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 74E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 75E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 76E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 77E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 78E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 79E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 80E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 81E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 82E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 83E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 84E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 85E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 86E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 87E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 88E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 89E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 90E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 91E Ch. 1.1 - Prob. 92E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 1PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 2PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 3PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 4PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 5PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 6PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 7PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 8PQ Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 1E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 2E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 3E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 4E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 5E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 6E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 7E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 8E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 9E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 10E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 11E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 12E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 13E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 14E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 15E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 16E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 17E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 18E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 19E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 20E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 21E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 22E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 23E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 24E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 25E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 26E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 27E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 28E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 29E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 30E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 31E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 32E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 33E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 34E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 35E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 36E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 37E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 38E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 39E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 40E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 41E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 42E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 43E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 44E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 45E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 46E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 47E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 48E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 49E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 50E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 51E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 52E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 53E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 54E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 55E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 56E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 57E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 58E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 59E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 60E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 61E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 62E Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 63E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 1PQ Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 2PQ Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 3PQ Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 4PQ Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 5PQ Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 1E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 2E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 3E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 4E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 5E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 6E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 7E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 8E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 9E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 10E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 11E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 12E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 13E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 14E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 15E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 16E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 17E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 18E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 19E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 20E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 21E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 22E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 23E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 24E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 25E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 26E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 27E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 28E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 29E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 30E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 31E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 32E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 33E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 34E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 35E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 36E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 37E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 38E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 39E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 40E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 41E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 42E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 43E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 44E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 45E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 46E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 47E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 48E Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 49E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 1PQ Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 2PQ Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 3PQ Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 4PQ Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 5PQ Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 6PQ Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 1E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 2E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 3E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 4E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 5E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 6E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 7E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 8E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 9E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 10E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 11E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 12E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 13E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 14E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 15E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 16E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 17E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 18E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 19E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 20E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 21E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 22E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 23E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 24E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 25E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 26E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 27E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 28E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 29E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 30E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 31E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 32E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 33E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 34E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 35E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 36E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 37E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 38E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 39E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 40E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 41E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 42E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 43E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 44E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 45E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 46E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 47E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 48E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 49E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 50E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 51E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 52E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 53E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 54E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 55E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 56E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 57E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 58E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 59E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 60E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 61E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 62E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 63E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 64E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 65E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 66E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 67E Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 68E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 1PQ Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 2PQ Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 3PQ Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 4PQ Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 1E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 2E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 3E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 4E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 5E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 6E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 7E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 8E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 9E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 10E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 11E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 12E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 13E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 14E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 15E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 16E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 17E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 18E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 19E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 20E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 21E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 22E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 23E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 24E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 25E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 26E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 27E Ch. 1.5 - Prob. 28E Ch. 1 - Prob. 1CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 2CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 3CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 4CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 5CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 6CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 7CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 8CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 9CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 10CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 11CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 12CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 13CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 14CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 15CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 16CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 17CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 18CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 19CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 20CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 21CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 22CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 23CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 24CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 25CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 26CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 27CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 28CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 29CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 30CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 31CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 32CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 33CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 34CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 35CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 36CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 37CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 38CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 39CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 40CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 41CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 42CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 43CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 44CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 45CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 46CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 47CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 48CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 49CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 50CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 51CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 52CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 53CRE Ch. 1 - Prob. 54CRE

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Population Genetics In the study of population genetics, an important measure of inbreeding is the proportion of homozygous genotypesthat is, instances in which the two alleles carried at a particular site on an individuals chromosomes are both the same. For population in which blood-related individual mate, them is a higher than expected frequency of homozygous individuals. Examples of such populations include endangered or rare species, selectively bred breeds, and isolated populations. in general. the frequency of homozygous children from mating of blood-related parents is greater than that for children from unrelated parents Measured over a large number of generations, the proportion of heterozygous genotypesthat is, nonhomozygous genotypeschanges by a constant factor 1 from generation to generation. The factor 1 is a number between 0 and 1. If 1=0.75, for example then the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 25 in each generation In this case, after 10 generations, the proportion of heterozygous individuals in the population decreases by 94.37, since 0.7510=0.0563, or 5.63. In other words, 94.37 of the population is homozygous. For specific types of matings, the proportion of heterozygous genotypes can be related to that of previous generations and is found from an equation. For mating between siblings 1 can be determined as the largest value of for which 2=12+14. This equation comes from carefully accounting for the genotypes for the present generation the 2 term in terms of those previous two generations represented by for the parents generation and by the constant term of the grandparents generation. a Find both solutions to the quadratic equation above and identify which is 1 use a horizontal span of 1 to 1 in this exercise and the following exercise. b After 5 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous? c After 20 generations, what proportion of the population will be homozygous?

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Solution Summary: The author calculates the frequency of heterozygous carriers based on the alleles A and B of the cystic fibrosis gene.

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