Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134396026
Author: Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew
Publisher: PEARSON
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Question
Chapter 12, Problem 20CP
Summary Introduction
To identify:
The type of synapse in which there is direct physical contact between cells and the other that involves neurotransmitters.
Introduction:
A synapse is a junction where two neurons communicate with each other.
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During excitatory synaptic transmission, the electrical signal carried along the axon of a
presynaptic neuron causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse and its sub-
sequent reception by receptors on the postsynaptic neurons. The activation of receptors
on the postsynaptic neurons then triggers the generation of the new action potential in
that neuron.
Both chemical and electrical neuronal signals are mediated by the movement of ions
across the neuronal membrane. Which of the following correctly describes the movement
of ions across neuronal membranes as an action potential is conducted down the neuron?
A
B
с
D
At rest, the internal side of the membrane has an overall positive charge, but as the ac-
tion potential moves down the neuron, more ions flow out of the neuron to neutralize
the membrane.
At rest, the internal side of the membrane has an overall positive charge, but as the ac-
tion potential moves down the neuron, more ions flow into the neuron making the
membrane…
Compare and contrast electrical and chemical synapses.
Describe synapses including:
Components of a synapse
How information is transferred from one neuron to another across a chemical synapse
Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
Summation of postsynaptic potentials
Chapter 12 Solutions
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 12 - Describe the three anatomical divisions of the...Ch. 12 - Describe the two functional divisions of the...Ch. 12 - Identify the two components of the efferent...Ch. 12 - Prob. 4CPCh. 12 - Name the structural components of a typical...Ch. 12 - Classify neurons according to their structure.Ch. 12 - Classify neurons according to their function.Ch. 12 - Prob. 8CPCh. 12 - Prob. 9CPCh. 12 - Prob. 10CP
Ch. 12 - Prob. 11CPCh. 12 - Prob. 12CPCh. 12 - Prob. 13CPCh. 12 - What effect would decreasing the concentration of...Ch. 12 - Define action potential.Ch. 12 - Identify the steps involved in the generation and...Ch. 12 - Prob. 17CPCh. 12 - Which of the following axons is myelinated: one...Ch. 12 - Prob. 19CPCh. 12 - Prob. 20CPCh. 12 - What effect would blocking voltage-gated calcium...Ch. 12 - Prob. 22CPCh. 12 - Prob. 23CPCh. 12 - Prob. 24CPCh. 12 - Prob. 25CPCh. 12 - Prob. 26CPCh. 12 - Prob. 27CPCh. 12 - LEVEL 1 Reviewing Facts and Terms 1. Label the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 2RQCh. 12 - Prob. 3RQCh. 12 - Prob. 4RQCh. 12 - The neural cells responsible for the analysis of...Ch. 12 - Depolarization of a neuron plasma membrane will...Ch. 12 - Prob. 7RQCh. 12 - Receptors that bind acetylcholine at the...Ch. 12 - What are the major components of (a) the central...Ch. 12 - Prob. 10RQCh. 12 - Prob. 11RQCh. 12 - If the resting membrane potential of a neuron is...Ch. 12 - Prob. 13RQCh. 12 - What is the difference between anterograde flow...Ch. 12 - What is the functional difference among chemically...Ch. 12 - State the all-or-none principle cf action...Ch. 12 - Prob. 17RQCh. 12 - Prob. 18RQCh. 12 - What are the structural and functional differences...Ch. 12 - Describe the events that occur during nerve...Ch. 12 - Prob. 21RQCh. 12 - Prob. 22RQCh. 12 - Prob. 23RQCh. 12 - In multiple sclerosis, there is intermittent and...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25RQCh. 12 - Which cells of the CNS are targeted by the polio...Ch. 12 - Prob. 2CC
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- What is an electrical synapse? Where can electrical synapses be found? Identify an advantage and a disadvantage of an electrical synapse compared to a chemical synapse.arrow_forwardWhich of the following describes temporal summation? Two pre-synaptic cells send alternating signals to depolarize and then hyperpolarize. Two pre-synaptic cells send simultaneous signals to hyperpolarize. One pre-synaptic cell sends a signal to depolarize and another cell simultaneously sends a signal to hyperpolarize. One presynaptic cell sends a repeated signal to depolarize. Two pre-synaptic cells send simultaneous signals to depolarize.arrow_forwardYou are investigating the effects of a newly discovered cell type. You have an intact synapse (including pre- and post-synaptic neurons) in a dish and observe what happens upon electrical stimulation. Following electrical stimulation of the pre-synaptic neuron, you record an action potential in the pre-synaptic neuron and an EPSP in the post-synaptic neuron. The synapse most likely utilizes which of the following neurotransmitters? Sodium (Na++) GABA Calcium (Ca++) Glutamatearrow_forward
- Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse, leading to a rapid rise of dopamine in the synapse. Which of the following best describes what will likely occur as a result of increased dopamine in the synapse? The presynaptic cell will be unable to release more neurotransmitter. the postsynaptic cell will return to its resting potential, causing feelings of well-being. The postsynaptic cell will be constantly activated, causing feelings of euphoria. The postsynaptic cell will respond more quickly to a change in output of the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria. The buildup of neurotransmitter will activate the presynaptic cell, causing feelings of euphoria.arrow_forwardYou are investigating the effects of a new drug your lab has created. You have an intact synapse (including pre- and post-synaptic neurons) in a dish. You add the drug to the dish so that it covers the cells and observe what happens. Following electrical stimulation of the pre-synaptic neuron, you record an action potential in the pre-synaptic neuron but observe no release of neurotransmitter into the synapse. Your drug most likely affects which of the following ions? Calcium negatively charged proteins Chloride potassiumarrow_forwardThe following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which step occurs first in transmission at a chemical synapse? Ostep 1 occurs first step 2 occurs first step 3 occurs first step 4 occurs first Ostep 5 occurs firstarrow_forward
- Which statement is TRUE about the synapse? Neurotransmitters shuttle the signal back and forth between the pre- and post-synaptic cell. The pre-synaptic cell and post-synaptic cell are in direct contact, allowing the electrical signal to seamlessly flow from one to the other. The action potential jumps from the pre-synaptic cell into the post-synaptic cell. The action potential ends in the pre-synaptic cell and neurotransmitters carry the signal across the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic cell.arrow_forwardA neurotransmitter can have one of two effects on the postsynaptic neuron. If a neurotransmitter causes an increase in the likelihood that a neuron will send signals than the neurotransmitter is , but if it decreases the likelihood that it will send a signal than the neurotransmitter is : excitatroy : facilitating : impeding : inhibitoryarrow_forwardA neuron responds to adequate stimulation with _______, a type of self-propagating signal.arrow_forward
- What is a synapse? Explain the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse.arrow_forwardParkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.arrow_forwardCatecholamines are neurotransmitters that are produced in the adrenal glands and are released during a stress response. Some typical effects are increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels and elevated blood pressure. Examples include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Reserpine is a drug that can control high blood pressure by reducing the number of catecholamine neurotransmitters present in the synapse. Which f the following rows correctly identifies the effect of reserpine in the synapse and the division of the nervous system it affects? Select one: Effect in the Synapse Division of the Nervous System Keeps catecholamines longer Sympathetic nervous system in the synapse b. Effect in the Synapse Division of the Nervous System Inhibits release of catecholamines from the presynaptic neuron Sympathetic nervous system Division of the Nervous System Effect in the Synapse Inhibits release of catecholamines from presynaptic neuron Parasympathetic nervous system d. Effect in…arrow_forward
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