Chapter 12, Problem 18PP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The reagents used to accomplish the given transformations should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.

Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

Substitution Reaction: The reaction in which one group gets substituted by other group. The types of substitution reactions are electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Anti-Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Markovnikov’s Addition Rule: The unsymmetrical alkene in a chemical compound reacts with hydrogen halide in a way, where halide ions attacks and bond to the more substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

Ozonolysis Reaction: It is an oxidative reaction which is used to oxidize the carbon-carbon double and triple bond.

Oxidation Reaction: It involves loss of electrons, addition of oxygen atoms or removal of hydrogen atoms.

Hydroboration reaction: The reaction involves addition of ${\text{BH}}_{\text{3}}$ over alkene which makes ${\text{BH}}_{\text{2}}$ to bond with less substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds and $\text{H}$ to more substituted position of carbon-carbon double bonds which finally carbon containing ${\text{BH}}_{\text{2}}$ gets oxidized in order to achieve the product with less substitution.

To identify: The reagents used to complete the given transformations.