What is the number of padding bits if the length of the original message is 2590 bits? Do we need padding if the length of the original message is already a multiple of 1024 bits?

The key to cracking a substitution cipher was first discovered by Arab scholars in the ninth century, but it was not widely known in the West until the fifteenth century. Once frequency analysis of ciphers became widespread, the plain substitution cipher became useless. To fix the problems in the substitution cipher, Blaise de Vigenère invented the strategy of using multiple letter mappings. Rather than using one key for the whole message, Vigenère’s idea was to use a different key for each letter of the message. Using a different key for each letter makes the frequency analysis much more difficult.   The key to the Vigenère cipher is the Vigenère square. The rows shown here are simple rotations of the alphabet. Each row in the table shifts the letters of the alphabet one place to the left. When a letter shifts out of the first .   The idea is to have the message we want to encode: secretmessage Alongside a word we will use to encrypt: encryptencrypt   Plaint text s e c r…

Consider the following message M=1010001101. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for this message using the divisor polynomial x5 + x4 + x² + 1 is?