Genetics: From Genes To Genomes (6th International Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781260041217
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., ? Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., ? Janice Fischer, ? Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 14P
You sequence a PCR product amplified from a person’s genome, and you see a double peak such as that seen in Fig. 11.11b. Most of the time, this result indicates that the person is a heterozygote for a SNP at that position. But it is also possible that the result is due to a mistake in
a. | If you saw an artifactual double peak in the sequence trace, did the mistake happen in the first few rounds of PCR amplification or in the last few rounds? |
b. | Whether or not you see a double peak, is it more likely that a mistake would happen in the first few rounds of PCR amplification or in the last few rounds? |
c. | Given that mistakes can happen during PCR amplification, what could you do to be sure of a person’s genotype? Why would this degree of certainty be difficult to achieve if you were doing preimplantation genotyping of embryos? |
d. | PCR relies on heat-stable DNA polymerases from thermophilic bacteria that grow in hot springs. The DNA polymerase originally used for PCR, from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, lacks the 3′-to-5′ exonuclease found in other DNA polymerases such as that from E. coli (review Fig. 7.9). Why do scientists now most often use DNA polymerase from a different thermophilic bacterium (Pyrococcus furiosa) that does contain this exonuclease function? |
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
The temperature at which the primers and target DNA hybridize may be changed to influence the stringency of PCR amplification. What effect will changing the hybridization temperature have on the amplification? Let's say you have a certain yeast gene A and want to check whether it has a human equivalent. How might managing the hybridization's rigor benefit you?
In the very first round of PCR using genomic DNA, the DNA primers prime synthesis that terminates only when the cycle ends (or when a random end of DNA is encountered). Yet, by the end of 20 to 30 cycles - a typical amplification - the only visible product is defined precisely by the ends of the DNA primers. Explain how.
Discuss the following statement: “primase is a sloppy enzyme that makes many mistakes. eventually, the rna primers it makes are disposed of and replaced with dna synthesized by a polymerase with higher fidelity. this is wasteful. it would be more energy-efficient if a dna polymerase made an accurate copy in the first place.”
Chapter 11 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes To Genomes (6th International Edition)
Ch. 11 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 11 - Would you characterize the pattern of inheritance...Ch. 11 - Would you be more likely to find single nucleotide...Ch. 11 - A recent estimate of the rate of base...Ch. 11 - If you examine Fig. 11.5 closely, you will note...Ch. 11 - Approximately 50 million SNPs have thus far been...Ch. 11 - Mutations at simple sequence repeat SSR loci occur...Ch. 11 - Humans and gorillas last shared a common ancestor...Ch. 11 - In 2015, an international team of scientists...Ch. 11 - Using PCR, you want to amplify an approximately 1...
Ch. 11 - Prob. 11PCh. 11 - The previous problem raises several interesting...Ch. 11 - You want to make a recombinant DNA in which a PCR...Ch. 11 - You sequence a PCR product amplified from a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 15PCh. 11 - The trinucleotide repeat region of the Huntington...Ch. 11 - Sperm samples were taken from two men just...Ch. 11 - Prob. 18PCh. 11 - a. It is possible to perform DNA fingerprinting...Ch. 11 - On July 17, 1918, Tsar Nicholas II; his wife the...Ch. 11 - The figure that follows shows DNA fingerprint...Ch. 11 - Microarrays were used to determine the genotypes...Ch. 11 - A partial sequence of the wild-type HbA allele is...Ch. 11 - a. In Fig. 11.17b, PCR is performed to amplify...Ch. 11 - The following figure shows a partial microarray...Ch. 11 - Scientists were surprised to discover recently...Ch. 11 - The microarray shown in Problem 25 analyzes...Ch. 11 - The figure that follows shows the pedigree of a...Ch. 11 - One of the difficulties faced by human geneticists...Ch. 11 - Now consider a mating between consanguineous...Ch. 11 - The pedigree shown in Fig. 11.22 was crucial to...Ch. 11 - You have identified a SNP marker that in one large...Ch. 11 - The pedigrees indicated here were obtained with...Ch. 11 - Approximately 3 of the population carries a mutant...Ch. 11 - The drug ivacaftor has recently been developed to...Ch. 11 - In the high-throughput DNA sequencing protocol...Ch. 11 - A researcher sequences the whole exome of a...Ch. 11 - As explained in the text, the cause of many...Ch. 11 - Figure 11.26 portrayed the analysis of Miller...Ch. 11 - A research paper published in the summer of 2012...Ch. 11 - Table 11.2 and Fig. 11.27 together portray the...Ch. 11 - The human RefSeq of the entire first exon of a...Ch. 11 - Mutations in the HPRT1 gene in humans result in at...Ch. 11 - Prob. 44P
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- To generate large amounts of DNA to manufacture gene therapy payloads or to be able to see them on gel electrophoresis, specific sequences can be amplified by PCR. For a sequence of a 100 base pairs, calculate the number cycles of PCR required to generate 1 ng of DNA, when starting from a single copy. Note that the molar mass of an average DNA bp is 600 g/mol.arrow_forwardYou wish to amplify a segment of DNA from a plasmid template by PCR with the use of the following primers: 5’-GGATCGATGCTCGCGA3' and 5' -AGGATCGGGTCGCGAG-3'. Despite repeated attempts, you fail to observe a PCR product of the expected length after electrophoresis on an agarose gel. Instead, you observe a bright smear on the gel with an approximate length of 25 to 30 base pairs. Explain these results.arrow_forwardThe exponential nature of PCR allows spectacular increases in the abundanceof a DNA sequence being amplified. Consider a 10-kbp DNA sequence in agenome of 1010 base pairs. What fraction of the genome does this sequence represent? That is, what is the fractional abundance of this sequence in this genome?Calculate the fractional abundance of this target sequence after 10, 15, and 20 cycles of PCR, starting with DNA representing the whole genome and assuming that no other sequences in the genome undergo amplification in the process.arrow_forward
- The exponential nature of PCR allows spectacular increases in the abundance of a DNA sequence being amplified. Consider a 10-kbp DNA sequence in a genome of 1010 base pairs. What fraction of the genome is represented by this sequence; i.e., what is the fractional abundance of this sequence in this genome? Calculate the fractional abundance of this target sequence after 10, 15, and 20 cycles of PCR, starting with DNA representing the whole genome and assuming that no other sequences in the genome undergo amplification in the process.arrow_forwardA gel pattern displaying PCR products shows four strong bands. The four pieces of DNA have lengths that are approximately in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. The largest band is cut out of the gel, and PCR is repeated with the same primers. Again, a ladder of four bands is evident in the gel. What does this result reveal about the structure of the encoded protein?arrow_forwardA PCR reaction was performed to amplify the XULA4 gene, which is bp 524-6,480 on a plasmid that is 9,435 bp. After the PCR, the product was digested with XhoI. There are XhoI sites on the plasmid at bp 151, 1,336, and 4,795. Calculate the size(s) that would result when the product is digested with XhoI. Then enter the size of the largest fragment (in bp).arrow_forward
- (A) After three cycles of PCR, how many DNA molecules are present that correspond precisely to the desired amplification product? (B) What about after 5 cycles. Assume that we started with one molecule in each case, and that the reaction is perfectly efficient.arrow_forwardFor the following short sequence of double stranded DNA and the given primers, there will be one major duplex DNA product after many cycles (imagine 10 cycles) of PCR. Provide the sequence of this one major duplex product and label the 5’ and 3’ ends of each strand. Sequence to be amplified: 5’- GGTATTGGCTACTTACTGGCATCG- 3’ 3’- CCATAACCGATGAATGACCGTAGC- 5’ Primers: 5’-TGGC-3’ and 5’-TGCC-3’arrow_forwardYou are trying to clone a gene. You have successfully isolated it from the genomic DNA of an organism using the Hindlll restriction enzyme. You then take a plasmid with a single EcoRI restriction site and cleave it with EcoRI. You combine these two fragments and treat them with DNA ligase. Answer the two questions below. a.(2 points Does the cloning reaction succeed as described? If so, what is the product obtained? b. Explain your answer above.arrow_forward
- Researchers are manipulating the gene cxx2 for their experiments, and they have inserted a smallnumber of base pairs randomly somewhere into the gene. They isolate several versions (with differentinsertions) of this modified gene and carry out an RT-PCR using a primer that recognizes thetranscriptional start site area (eg. from +1 to +20), and a primer that binds to the polyA tail.For the second modified gene sample, they observe that the mature mRNA is now several basepairs longer, however splicing has not been affected. They examine the protein and identify thatit has significant changes to its amino acid sequence, altering its length. Which of the letteredarrowheads indicates the location where this insertion could be? (There could be one answer orseveral. Give all answers that apply)arrow_forwardYou want to clone a specific PCR amplicon. You have determined that the amplicon you want to clone has enzyme restriction sites for HindIII and EcoRI. After investigation you have seen that the pUC18/19 plasmid also have these enzyme restriction sites in its multiple cloning site (MCS on map included). After enzyme digestion your amplicon is 854 bp long. What length will the recombinant plasmid be after you have inserted your amplicon? Show a calculation.arrow_forwardResearchers are manipulating the gene cxx2 for their experiments, and they have inserted a smallnumber of base pairs randomly somewhere into the gene. They isolate several versions (with differentinsertions) of this modified gene and carry out an RT-PCR using a primer that recognizes thetranscriptional start site area (eg. from +1 to +20), and a primer that binds to the polyA tail.For the first modified gene sample, they observe that the intron is no longer being spliced out.Which of the lettered arrowheads indicates a location where this insertion could be? (Therecould be one answer or several. Give all answers that apply)arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Molecular Techniques: Basic Concepts; Author: Dr. A's Clinical Lab Videos;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HFHZy8h6z0;License: Standard Youtube License