Finite Mathematics & Its Applications (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134437767
Author: Larry J. Goldstein, David I. Schneider, Martha J. Siegel, Steven Hair
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 10, Problem 2P
To determine
Whether the percentage of the investment is higher, lower or equal if investment grows percentage change by 3% to 4% in first year and 4% to 3% in second year, where initial investment is $100,000.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 10 Solutions
Finite Mathematics & Its Applications (12th Edition)
Ch. 10.1 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.1 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.1 - Calculate the future amount of $2000 after 6...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1–6, given the values of i and n...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1–6, given the values of i and n...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1–6, given the values of i and n...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 16, given the values of i and n under...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 16, given the values of i and n under...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1–6, given the values of i and n...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 712, given the values of i, n, P, and...
Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 712, given the values of i, n, P, and...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 7–12, given the values of i, n, P,...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 7–12, given the values of i, n, P,...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 11ECh. 10.1 - In Exercises 712, given the values of i, n, P, and...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Future...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Future...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Future...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each problem.
16. Future...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Future...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 18ECh. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Present...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Savings...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Comparing...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Comparing...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 27ECh. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Interest If...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 29ECh. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Interest If...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Interest If...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Savings...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 13–38, solve each...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Interest...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Savings...Ch. 10.1 - In Exercises 1338, solve each problem. Savings...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 39–52 concern simple...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 39–52 concern simple...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Future...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 39–52 concern simple...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 39–52 concern simple...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Present...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Interest...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Interest...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Time...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Time...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Time...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Interest...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 3952 concern simple interest. Present...Ch. 10.1 - Exercises 39–52 concern simple interest.
52. Time...Ch. 10.1 - Future Value Compute the future value after 1 year...Ch. 10.1 - Future Value Compute the future value after 1 year...Ch. 10.1 - Effective Rate of Interest In Exercises 5558,...Ch. 10.1 - Effective Rate of Interest In Exercises 5558,...Ch. 10.1 - Effective Rate of Interest In Exercises 55–58,...Ch. 10.1 - Effective Rate of Interest In Exercises 55–58,...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 59ECh. 10.1 - Savings Account During the 1990s, a deposit was...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 61ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 62ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 63ECh. 10.1 - Doubling Time(True or False) An investment growing...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 65ECh. 10.1 - Future Value If your stock portfolio gained 20% in...Ch. 10.1 - 67. Comparing Investments The same amount of money...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 68ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 69ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 70ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 71ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 72ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 73ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 74ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 75ECh. 10.1 - 76. Savings Account Ten thousand dollars is...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 77ECh. 10.1 - Prob. 78ECh. 10.1 - Comparing Investments Consider the following two...Ch. 10.1 - 80. Comparing Investments Consider the following...Ch. 10.2 - Solutions can be found the section exercises....Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 10.2 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 10.2 - Exercises 1 and 2 describe increasing annuities....Ch. 10.2 - Exercises 1 and 2 describe increasing annuities....Ch. 10.2 - Exercises 3 and 4 describe decreasing annuities....Ch. 10.2 - Exercises 3 and 4 describe decreasing annuities....Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 5 and 6, calculate the future value...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 5 and 6, calculate the future value...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 7 and 8, calculate the rent of the...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 7 and 8, calculate the rent of the...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 9 and 10, calculate the present value...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 9 and 10, calculate the present value...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 11 and 12, calculate the rent of the...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 11 and 12, calculate the rent of the...Ch. 10.2 - Savings Account Ethan deposits $500 into a savings...Ch. 10.2 - Savings Account Emma deposits $2000 into a savings...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 10.2 - Savings Account A person deposits$5000 into a...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 17–20, determine the amount of...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 1720, determine the amount of...Ch. 10.2 - In Exercises 1720, determine the amount of...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 20ECh. 10.2 - Comparing Payouts Is it more profitable to receive...Ch. 10.2 - Comparing Payouts Is it more profitable to receive...Ch. 10.2 - Comparing Bonus Plans When Bridget takes a new...Ch. 10.2 - Comparing Lottery Payouts A lottery winner is...Ch. 10.2 - College Allowance During Jacks first year at...Ch. 10.2 - Magazine Subscription Suppose that a magazine...Ch. 10.2 - 27. Savings Account Suppose that $1000 was...Ch. 10.2 - Savings Account Suppose that you opened a savings...Ch. 10.2 - 29. Savings Account Ms. Jones deposited $100 at...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 30ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 10.2 - Savings Account How much money must you deposit...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 33ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 10.2 - Municipal Bond A municipal bond pays 4% interest...Ch. 10.2 - Present Value What is the present value of a loan...Ch. 10.2 - 37. Business Loan A business loan for $200,000...Ch. 10.2 - 38. Lottery Payoff A lottery winner is to receive...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 10.2 - A sinking fund is an increasing annuity set up by...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 10.2 - A sinking fund is an increasing annuity set up by...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 43ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 44ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 45ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 46ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 47ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 48ECh. 10.2 - A deferred annuity is a type of decreasing annuity...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 50ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 51ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 52ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 53ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 54ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 55ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 56ECh. 10.2 - Prob. 57ECh. 10.2 - In Exercises 51–58, give the settings or...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 59ECh. 10.2 - 60. Time Interval A person deposits $800 at the...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 61ECh. 10.2 - Home Repairs Fund Bob needs $3064 to have some...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 63ECh. 10.3 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.3 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.3 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.3 - 1. Loan Payment A car loan of $10,000 is to be...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Payment A loan of $5000 is to be repaid with...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Payment A loan of $4000 is to be repaid with...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Payment A loan of $3000 is to be repaid with...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Amount The weekly payment on a 2-year loan at...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Amount The quarterly payment on a 5-year loan...Ch. 10.3 - Mortgage Payment Find the monthly payment on a...Ch. 10.3 - 8. Mortgage Payment Find the monthly payment on a...Ch. 10.3 - 9. Mortgage Amount Find the amount of a 30-year...Ch. 10.3 - Mortgage Amount Find the amount of a 25-year...Ch. 10.3 - Mortgage Balance A 30-year mortgage at 4.2%...Ch. 10.3 - 12. Mortgage Balance A 25-year mortgage at 4.5%...Ch. 10.3 - 13. Loan Interest A loan with a weekly payment of...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Interest A loan with a quarterly payment of...Ch. 10.3 - Amortization Schedule Write out a complete...Ch. 10.3 - Amortization Schedule Write out a complete...Ch. 10.3 - 17. Mortgage Consider a $204,700, 30-year mortgage...Ch. 10.3 - 18. Mortgage James buys a house for $370,000. He...Ch. 10.3 - 19. Car Loan Susie takes out a car loan for $9480...Ch. 10.3 - Loan Consider a $21,281.27 loan for 7 years at 8%...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 21ECh. 10.3 - Comparing Financing Options In a recent year, Ford...Ch. 10.3 - 23. Comparing Financing Options A bank makes the...Ch. 10.3 - Buy Now or Later? According to an article in the...Ch. 10.3 - Balloon Payment A loan is to be amortized over an...Ch. 10.3 - 26. Balloon Payment A loan of $127,000.50 is to be...Ch. 10.3 - 27. Car Loan A car is purchased for $6287.10, with...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 28ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 29ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 30ECh. 10.3 - Terminating a Mortgage In 2006, Emma purchased a...Ch. 10.3 - Refinancing a Mortgage A real estate speculator...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 33ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 34ECh. 10.3 - Total of Loan Payment Suppose that you borrow...Ch. 10.3 - 36. Loan Amount Suppose that you borrow money at...Ch. 10.3 - Let Bn= balance of a loan after n payments, In=...Ch. 10.3 - Let QnandIn be as defined in Exercise 37. a. Use...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 39ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 40ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 41ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 42ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 43ECh. 10.3 - In Exercises 39–46, give settings or statements to...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 45ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 46ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 47ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 48ECh. 10.3 - Debt Reduction A loan of $10,000 at 9% interest...Ch. 10.3 - 50. Debt Reduction A loan of $4000 at 6% interest...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 51ECh. 10.3 - Prob. 52ECh. 10.4 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 10.4 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 10.4 - Prob. 1ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 2ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 3ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 4ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 5ECh. 10.4 - Comparing IRAs Rework Examples 1 and 3 for the...Ch. 10.4 - Roth IRA Rework Exercise 5 for a Roth IRA.Ch. 10.4 - 8. Comparing IRAs Rework Examples 1 and 3 for the...Ch. 10.4 - Value of Starting an IRA Early Redo Example 4...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 10ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 11ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 12ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 13ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 14ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 15ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 16ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 17ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 18ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 19ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 20ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 21ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 22ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 23ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 24ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 25ECh. 10.4 - 26. True or False Refer to Example 10. If the...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 27ECh. 10.4 - APR In multiple-choice Exercises 2730, assume that...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 29ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 30ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 31ECh. 10.4 - Effective Mortgage Rate In multiple-choice...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 33ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 34ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 35ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 36ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 39ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 40ECh. 10.4 - Interest-Only Mortgage Consider a 15-year mortgage...Ch. 10.4 - 42. Interest-Only Mortgage Consider a 15-year...Ch. 10.4 - 43. Adjustable-Rate Mortgage Consider a 25-year...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 44ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 45ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 46ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 47ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 48ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 49ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 50ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 51ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 52ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 53ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 54ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 55ECh. 10.4 - Prob. 56ECh. 10.5 - Solution can be found following the section...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 10.5 - Prob. 1ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 2ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 3ECh. 10.5 - In Exercises 1–10, give a difference equation for...Ch. 10.5 - In Exercises 1–10, give a difference equation for...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 7ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 8ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 9ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 10.5 - In Exercises 11 and 12, answer the questions....Ch. 10.5 - In Exercises 11 and 12, answer the questions....Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 13ECh. 10.5 - In Exercises 1318, (a) determine the first five...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 15ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 16ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 17ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 18ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 19ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 20ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 21ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 23ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 24ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 25ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 26ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 27ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 28ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 29ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 30ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 31ECh. 10.5 - In Exercises 1938, use difference equations to...Ch. 10.5 - In Exercises 1938, use difference equations to...Ch. 10.5 - In Exercises 19–38, use difference equations to...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 35ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 36ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 37ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 39ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 40ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 41ECh. 10.5 - Elevation and Atmospheric Pressure The atmospheric...Ch. 10.5 - Prob. 43ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 44ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 45ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 46ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 47ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 48ECh. 10.5 - Prob. 50ECh. 10 - 1. What is meant by principal?
Ch. 10 - Prob. 2FCCECh. 10 - 3. What is meant by the balance in a savings...Ch. 10 - Prob. 4FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 5FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 6FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 7FCCECh. 10 - 8. Explain the difference between the nominal and...Ch. 10 - Prob. 9FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 10FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 11FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 12FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 13FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 14FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 15FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 16FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 17FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 18FCCECh. 10 - How are finance charges on a consumer loan...Ch. 10 - Prob. 20FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 21FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 22FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 23FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 24FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 25FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 26FCCECh. 10 - Prob. 1RECh. 10 - Prob. 2RECh. 10 - Prob. 3RECh. 10 - Prob. 4RECh. 10 - Prob. 5RECh. 10 - Prob. 6RECh. 10 - Nonstandard Mortgage A real estate investor takes...Ch. 10 - Prob. 8RECh. 10 - Prob. 9RECh. 10 - Prob. 10RECh. 10 - Prob. 11RECh. 10 - Prob. 12RECh. 10 - Prob. 13RECh. 10 - Prob. 14RECh. 10 - Prob. 15RECh. 10 - Prob. 16RECh. 10 - Prob. 17RECh. 10 - Prob. 18RECh. 10 - Prob. 19RECh. 10 - Prob. 20RECh. 10 - Prob. 21RECh. 10 - Prob. 22RECh. 10 - Prob. 23RECh. 10 - Prob. 24RECh. 10 - Prob. 25RECh. 10 - Prob. 26RECh. 10 - Prob. 27RECh. 10 - Prob. 28RECh. 10 - Prob. 29RECh. 10 - Prob. 30RECh. 10 - Prob. 31RECh. 10 - Prob. 32RECh. 10 - Prob. 33RECh. 10 - Prob. 34RECh. 10 - Interest-Only Mortgage Consider a 25-year mortgage...Ch. 10 - 36. Adjustable-Rate Mortgage Consider a 25-year...Ch. 10 - Prob. 37RECh. 10 - Prob. 38RECh. 10 - Prob. 39RECh. 10 - Prob. 40RECh. 10 - Prob. 41RECh. 10 - Prob. 42RECh. 10 - Prob. 43RECh. 10 - Prob. 44RECh. 10 - Prob. 45RECh. 10 - Prob. 46RECh. 10 - Prob. 47RECh. 10 - Prob. 48RECh. 10 - Suppose that a $100,000 investment grows 3% during...Ch. 10 - Prob. 2PCh. 10 - 3. Consider an annuity in which $100,000 is...Ch. 10 - Rework Exercise 3, where the interest rate is 4%...Ch. 10 - Prob. 5PCh. 10 - Prob. 6PCh. 10 - 7. Show that, if an investment of P dollars earns ...Ch. 10 - 8. Which of the following two statements is true?...Ch. 10 - Show that, if $1000 is invested at 8% interest...Ch. 10 - Prob. 10PCh. 10 - Prob. 11PCh. 10 - Prob. 12PCh. 10 - Prob. 13PCh. 10 - Prob. 14PCh. 10 - Prob. 15P
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, subject and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is the total effect on the economy of a government tax rebate of $500 to each household in order to stimulate the economy if each household will spend of the rebate in goods and services?arrow_forwardOn the day a grandchild is born, a grandparent deposits $2500 in a fund earning 7.5% interest, compounded continuously. Determine the balance in the account on the grandchild’s 25th birthday.arrow_forwardJerome invests $18,000 at age 17. He hopes the investments will be worth $30,000 when he turns 26. If the interest compounds continuously, approximately what rate of growth will he need to achieve his goal? Is that a reasonable expectation?arrow_forward
- A company sells $160,000 worth of printing paper during its first year. The sales manager has set a goal of increasing annual sales of printing paper by $20,000 each year for 9 years. Assuming that this goal is met, find the total sales of printing paper during the first 10 years this company is in operation.arrow_forwardRedo Exercise 5, assuming that the house blend contains 300 grams of Colombian beans, 50 grams of Kenyan beans, and 150 grams of French roast beans and the gourmet blend contains 100 grams of Colombian beans, 350 grams of Kenyan beans, and 50 grams of French roast beans. This time the merchant has on hand 30 kilograms of Colombian beans, 15 kilograms of Kenyan beans, and 15 kilograms of French roast beans. Suppose one bag of the house blend produces a profit of $0.50, one bag of the special blend produces a profit of $1.50, and one bag of the gourmet blend produces a profit of $2.00. How many bags of each type should the merchant prepare if he wants to use up all of the beans and maximize his profit? What is the maximum profit?arrow_forwardThe Oxford Dictionary defines the word nominal asa value that is “stated or expressed but notnecessarily corresponding exactly to the real value.[18]Develop a reasonable argument for why the termnominal rate is used to describe the annual percentagerate of an investment account that compoundsinterest.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillCollege AlgebraAlgebraISBN:9781305115545Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem WatsonPublisher:Cengage Learning
- College Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
College Algebra
Algebra
ISBN:9781305115545
Author:James Stewart, Lothar Redlin, Saleem Watson
Publisher:Cengage Learning
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)
Algebra
ISBN:9781305652231
Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff Hughes
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Use of ALGEBRA in REAL LIFE; Author: Fast and Easy Maths !;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_PbWFpvkDc;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Compound Interest Formula Explained, Investment, Monthly & Continuously, Word Problems, Algebra; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P182Abv3fOk;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Applications of Algebra (Digit, Age, Work, Clock, Mixture and Rate Problems); Author: EngineerProf PH;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8aJ_wYCS2g;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY