Anatomy & Physiology
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781259398629
Author: McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher: Mcgraw Hill Education,
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 2CSL
Describe the effect of the botulinum toxin, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Would the poison curare, which competes for acetylcholine receptors have a similar effect? Explain
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In the rare neuromuscular disorder Myasthenia Gravis, autoantibodies are produced which inhibit acetylcholine receptor (nicotinic receptor) activity. Explain how inhibition of acetylcholine receptor activity at the neuromuscular junction will affect the sequence of events in muscular excitation and contraction in response to stimuli, and muscle function? (Mention the effects on all the significant events involved in excitation and contraction of muscles, and how it would affect muscle function).
When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation.
How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
Correct the following false statement:
"Any cell that has the acetylcholine receptor will have the same response as any other cell that also has the acetylcholine receptor when exposed to acetylcholine".
Explain why this statement is false.
Chapter 10 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 10.1 - What are the five major functions of skeletal...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 10.1 - Explain the skeletal muscle characteristics of...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 4LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 1WDTCh. 10.2 - Identify the location and function of these...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 6LO
Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 7LOCh. 10.2 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
8. Distinguish between thick...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 9LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 10LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 2WDTCh. 10.2 - Draw and label a diagram of a sarcomere.Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 5WDLCh. 10.2 - Prob. 11LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 12LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 6WDLCh. 10.2 - Diagram and label the anatomic structures of a...Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 13LOCh. 10.2 - Prob. 8WDLCh. 10.3 - Prob. 14LOCh. 10.3 - What triggers the binding of synaptic vesicles to...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 15LOCh. 10.3 - What two events are linked in the physiologic...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 11WDLCh. 10.3 - Prob. 16LOCh. 10.3 - Prob. 3WDTCh. 10.3 - Prob. 12WDLCh. 10.3 - Describe the four processes that repeat in...Ch. 10.3 - What causes the release of the myosin head from...Ch. 10.3 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
17. Discuss what happens to...Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 18LOCh. 10.3 - How do acetylcholinesterase and Ca2+ pumps...Ch. 10.4 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
19. Describe how ATP is made...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 20LOCh. 10.4 - Prob. 4WDTCh. 10.4 - Prob. 16WDLCh. 10.4 - What are the various means for making ATP...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 21LOCh. 10.4 - Prob. 18WDLCh. 10.5 - Prob. 22LOCh. 10.5 - Prob. 19WDLCh. 10.5 - Prob. 23LOCh. 10.5 - Prob. 20WDLCh. 10.5 - Prob. 24LOCh. 10.5 - Prob. 21WDLCh. 10.6 - LEARNING OBJECTIVE
25. Describe what occurs in a...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 5WDTCh. 10.6 - What events are occurring in a muscle that produce...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 26LOCh. 10.6 - What is recruitment? Explain its importance in the...Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 27LOCh. 10.6 - Prob. 24WDLCh. 10.7 - Prob. 28LOCh. 10.7 - What is the function of skeletal muscle tone?Ch. 10.7 - LEARNING OBJECTIVE
29. Distinguish between...Ch. 10.7 - When you flex your biceps brachii while doing...Ch. 10.7 - LEARNING OBJECTIVE
30. Explain the length-tension...Ch. 10.7 - Prob. 27WDLCh. 10.7 - Prob. 31LOCh. 10.7 - How can muscle fatigue result from changes in each...Ch. 10.8 - LEARNING OBJECTIVE
32. Compare and contrast the...Ch. 10.8 - Prob. 29WDLCh. 10.8 - Prob. 33LOCh. 10.8 - Prob. 30WDLCh. 10.9 - Prob. 34LOCh. 10.9 - What are three anatomic or physiologic differences...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 35LOCh. 10.10 - Prob. 32WDLCh. 10.10 - LEARNING OBJECTIVE
36. Compare the microscopic...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 33WDLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 34WDLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 37LOCh. 10.10 - What are the steps of smooth muscle contraction?Ch. 10.10 - What unique characteristics of smooth muscle allow...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 38LOCh. 10.10 - Prob. 37WDLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 38WDLCh. 10.10 - Prob. 39LOCh. 10.10 - LEARNING OBJECTIVES
40. Compare the location and...Ch. 10.10 - Prob. 39WDLCh. 10 - Prob. 1DYBCh. 10 - The physiologic event that takes place at the...Ch. 10 - In a skeletal muscle fiber, Ca2+ is released from...Ch. 10 - The bundle of dense regular connective tissue that...Ch. 10 - In excitation-contraction coupling, the transverse...Ch. 10 - During muscle contraction, the I band a. hides the...Ch. 10 - During a concentric contraction of a muscle fiber,...Ch. 10 - What event causes a troponin-tropomyosin complex...Ch. 10 - In sustained, moderate exercise, skeletal muscle...Ch. 10 - Skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in...Ch. 10 - Explain the structural relationship between a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 12DYBCh. 10 - Prob. 13DYBCh. 10 - Put the following skeletal muscle contraction...Ch. 10 - Explain the various means of providing ATP for...Ch. 10 - Explain why athletes who excel at short sprints...Ch. 10 - Explain why skeletal muscle generates the most...Ch. 10 - Prob. 18DYBCh. 10 - Describe the response of smooth muscle to...Ch. 10 - Prob. 20DYBCh. 10 - Prob. 1CALCh. 10 - One of the primary reasons that one individual is...Ch. 10 - Prob. 3CALCh. 10 - Rigor mortis occurs following death because a....Ch. 10 - Prob. 5CALCh. 10 - Prob. 1CSLCh. 10 - Describe the effect of the botulinum toxin, which...Ch. 10 - Smooth muscle is within the urinary bladder wall....
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- An antibody has been isolated that binds to F-actin but not to G-actin. Whatstructural feature(s) of F-actin do you suppose the antibody binds (i.e., howis the antibody able to distinguish between these two forms of actin)?arrow_forwardA patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.arrow_forwardare these True or False? Receptors on the post-synaptic cell membrane that bind the acetylcholine are voltage-gated channels (channels that open in response to a change in the electrical charge of the membrane). When a muscle cell is not contracting its cell membrane is negative on the inner surface. The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.arrow_forward
- Strychnine blocks receptor sites for inhibitory neurotransmitter substances in the CNS. Explain how strychnine can produce tetanus inskeletal muscles.arrow_forwardAre these true or false? Acetylcholine molecules are actively transported from the axon to their receptors on the muscle membrane by special transport proteins. Receptors on the post-synaptic cell membrane that bind the acetylcholine are voltage-gated channels (channels that open in response to a change in the electrical charge of the membrane). When a muscle cell is not contracting its cell membrane is negative on the inner surface. The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily. During depolarization, a small region of the muscle cell's membrane becomes less negative on the inside." Both sodium and potassium are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid than the intracellular fluid. After an action potential passes over a region of the sarcolemma the region remains positively charged throughout the entire muscle contraction. An increase in the calcium ion level in the cytosol causes thin filaments to begin…arrow_forwardExplain in detail Muscarinic receptors in regards to the hisamine agonist. How do they cause smooth muscle contraction. Provide mechanismarrow_forward
- Give an account of signalling at a neuromuscular junction through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.arrow_forwardThe venom of many cobras contains a potent neurotoxin that binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels,causing them to open. Unlike ACh, which binds to and then rapidly unbinds from ligand-gated Na+ channels, the neurotoxin tends to remain bound to ligand-gated Na+ channels. How does this neurotoxin affect the nervous system’s ability to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction? How does it affect the ability of skeletal muscle fibers to respond to stimulation?arrow_forwardConsider three alpha-motor neurons of different sizes: small, medium and large. All three neurons receive input from the same excitatory interneuron. When the interneuron fires action potentials at low frequency, only one alpha motor neuron fires action potentials. As the action potential frequency of the interneuron increases, two alpha-motor neurons are recruited, and at maximum frequency, all three are recruited. In what order would the three alpha-motor neurons have been recruited? Large first, then medium, then small. Small first, then medium, then large. Medium first, then small, then large. Medium first, then large, then small.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionarrow_forwardThe Structure of the acetylcholine receptor is shown below: D. Briefly indicate what the role of the acetylcholine receptor is in an action potential.arrow_forwardIf a patient was bitten by a poisonous spider (black widow) and the effects of its venom occurred at the neuromuscular junction in the peripheral nervous system, what neurotransmitter would be affected by this venom? And explain the mechanism of action of how the venom is a direct antagonist to this neurotransmitter.arrow_forward
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