Introductory Statistics (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321989178
Author: Neil A. Weiss
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 20RP
Hepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article “Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas” by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the NewYork Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al., titled “Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer” (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557–4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that “. . . while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work is needed to determine whether the virus really can cause pancreatic cancer.” Explain the validity of the statement in quotes.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Hepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article “Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas” by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the NewYork Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al., titled “Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer” (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557–4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that “. . . while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work…
In an observational study it was found that people who had received the flu shot this year had better blood pressure readings, on average, than people who did not. Can it be claimed that the flu shot is the cause of the lower overall blood pressure? Why or why not?
Prenatal vitamins and Autism. Researchers studying the link between prenatal vitamin use and autism surveyed the mothers of a random sample of children aged 24 - 60 months with autism and conducted another separate random sample for children with typical development. The table below shows the number of mothers in each group who did and did not use prenatal vitamins during the three months before pregnancy.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Introductory Statistics (10th Edition)
Ch. 1.1 - Define the following terms: a. Population b....Ch. 1.1 - What are the two major types of statistics?...Ch. 1.1 - Identify some methods used in descriptive...Ch. 1.1 - Explain two ways in which descriptive statistics...Ch. 1.1 - Define the following terms: a. Observational study...Ch. 1.1 - Fill in the following blank: Observational studies...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.71.12, classify each of the studies...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.71.12, classify each of the studies...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.71.12, classify each of the studies...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.71.12, classify each of the studies...
Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.71.12, classify each of the studies...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.71.12, classify each of the studies...Ch. 1.1 - Thoughts on Evolution. In an article titled Who...Ch. 1.1 - Big-Banks Break-up. A nationwide survey of 1000...Ch. 1.1 - Genocide. The document American Attitudes about...Ch. 1.1 - Vasectomies and Prostate Cancer. Refer to the...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.171.22, state whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.171.22, state whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.171.22, state whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.171.22, state whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.171.22, state whether the...Ch. 1.1 - In Exercises 1.171.22, state whether the...Ch. 1.1 - Ballistic Fingerprinting. In an on-line press...Ch. 1.1 - Causes of Death. The National Center for Health...Ch. 1.1 - Medical Testing on Animals. In its Summer 2013...Ch. 1.1 - Lobbying Congress. In the special report, Bitter...Ch. 1.2 - Explain why a census is often not the best way to...Ch. 1.2 - Identify two statistical methods other than a...Ch. 1.2 - In sampling, explain why obtaining a...Ch. 1.2 - Provide a scenario of your own in which a sample...Ch. 1.2 - Regarding probability sampling: a. What is it? b....Ch. 1.2 - Regarding simple random sampling: a. What is...Ch. 1.2 - The inferential procedures discussed in this book...Ch. 1.2 - Identify two methods for obtaining a simple random...Ch. 1.2 - What is the acronym used for simple random...Ch. 1.2 - The members of a population are numbered 15. a....Ch. 1.2 - The members of a population are numbered 14. a....Ch. 1.2 - The members of a population are numbered 190. a....Ch. 1.2 - The members of a population are numbered 150. a....Ch. 1.2 - Memorial Day Poll. In the year 2000, an on-line...Ch. 1.2 - Estimating Median Income. Explain why a sample of...Ch. 1.2 - Oklahoma State Officials. The five top Oklahoma...Ch. 1.2 - Oklahoma State Officials. The five top Oklahoma...Ch. 1.2 - Best-Selling Albums. The Recording Industry...Ch. 1.2 - Best-Selling Albums. Refer to Exercise 1.44. a....Ch. 1.2 - Best-Selling Albums. Refer to Exercise 1.44. a....Ch. 1.2 - Social Networking Websites. From Wikipedia.com, we...Ch. 1.2 - Keno. In the game of keno, 20 balls are selected...Ch. 1.2 - The International 500. Each year, Fortune Magazine...Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 50ECh. 1.2 - Prob. 51ECh. 1.2 - Undercoverage. Oftentimes, an accurate and...Ch. 1.2 - Nonresponse. When responses are not obtained from...Ch. 1.2 - Response bias. When the behavior of the...Ch. 1.3 - In each of Exercises 1.551.58, fill in the...Ch. 1.3 - In each of Exercises 1.551.58, fill in the...Ch. 1.3 - In each of Exercises 1.551.58, fill in the...Ch. 1.3 - In each of Exercises 1.551.58, fill in the...Ch. 1.3 - The members of a population have been numbered...Ch. 1.3 - The members of a population have been numbered...Ch. 1.3 - The members of a population have been numbered...Ch. 1.3 - The members of a population have been numbered...Ch. 1.3 - The members of a population have been numbered...Ch. 1.3 - The members of a population have been numbered...Ch. 1.3 - Ghost of Speciation Past. In the article, Ghost of...Ch. 1.3 - Number of Farms. The National Agricultural...Ch. 1.3 - John F. Kennedy. In one of his books, Ted...Ch. 1.3 - Litigation Surveys. In the article,...Ch. 1.3 - Immunization of Schoolchildren. In the article,...Ch. 1.3 - University Parking Facilities. During one year, a...Ch. 1.3 - The International 500. In Exercise 1.49 on page...Ch. 1.3 - Keno. In the game of keno, 20 balls are selected...Ch. 1.3 - Sampling Dorm Residents. Students in the...Ch. 1.3 - Best High Schools. In an issue of Newsweek (Vol....Ch. 1.3 - U.S. House of Representatives. There are 435...Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 76ECh. 1.3 - Prob. 77ECh. 1.3 - In simple random sampling, all samples of a given...Ch. 1.3 - In simple random sampling, it is also true that...Ch. 1.3 - In simple random sampling, it is also true that...Ch. 1.4 - In a designed experiment, a. what are the...Ch. 1.4 - State and explain the significance of the three...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 83ECh. 1.4 - In this section, we discussed two types of...Ch. 1.4 - In a designed experiment, there is one factor with...Ch. 1.4 - In a designed experiment, there is one factor with...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 87ECh. 1.4 - In a designed experiment, there are two factors,...Ch. 1.4 - In a designed experiment, there are two factors....Ch. 1.4 - Adverse Effects of Prozac. Prozac (fluoxetine...Ch. 1.4 - Treating Heart Failure. In the journal article...Ch. 1.4 - In Exercises 1.921.97, we present descriptions of...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 93ECh. 1.4 - In Exercises 1.921.97, we present descriptions of...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 95ECh. 1.4 - In Exercises 1.921.97, we present descriptions of...Ch. 1.4 - In Exercises 1.921.97, we present descriptions of...Ch. 1.4 - Prob. 98ECh. 1.4 - Dental Hygiene: Which Toothbrush? In an experiment...Ch. 1.4 - The Salk Vaccine. In Exercise 1.17 on page 8, we...Ch. 1.4 - In sampling from a population, state which type of...Ch. 1 - Almost any inferential study involves aspects of...Ch. 1 - Regarding observational studies and designed...Ch. 1 - Before planning and conducting a study to obtain...Ch. 1 - Explain the meaning of a. a representative sample....Ch. 1 - Which of the following sampling procedures involve...Ch. 1 - Describe each of the following sampling methods...Ch. 1 - Identify and explain the significance of the three...Ch. 1 - Baseball Scores. From ESPN MLB Scoreboard, we...Ch. 1 - Working Lottery Winners. In a national poll taken...Ch. 1 - British Backpacker Tourists. Research by G. Visser...Ch. 1 - Peanut Allergies. In the article Food Allergy...Ch. 1 - Persistent Poverty and IQ. An article appearing in...Ch. 1 - Wasp Hierarchical Status. In an issue of Discover...Ch. 1 - Incomes of College Students Parents. A researcher...Ch. 1 - On-Time Airlines. From the FlightStats On-time...Ch. 1 - Top North American Athletes. As part of ESPNs...Ch. 1 - QuickVote. TalkBack Live, a production of CNN,...Ch. 1 - Leisure Activities and Dementia. An article...Ch. 1 - Hepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article...Ch. 1 - Top North American Athletes. Refer to Problem 17....Ch. 1 - Water Quality. In the article Randomized...Ch. 1 - Prob. 23RPCh. 1 - Plant Density and Tomato Yield. In Effects of...Ch. 1 - Child-Proof Bottles. Designing medication...Ch. 1 - Prob. 26RPCh. 1 - Comparing Gas Mileages. An experiment is to be...Ch. 1 - The file named Focus.txt in the Focus Database...Ch. 1 - At the beginning of this chapter, we discussed the...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, statistics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is an experiment?arrow_forwardWhat is meant by the sample space of an experiment?arrow_forwardOne study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators then asked about the use of cell phones. Result: “Our data suggest that the use of hand- held cellular phones is not associated with risk of brain cancer. B . Based on this study, can you determine that cellular use does not CAUSE brain cancer? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- 1) Soda consumption is very common in the U.S. For the purposes of this question, assume that 30% of the population consumes the equivalent of 3 or more 12 oz. sodas per week (this is the prevalence of the exposure). A large multi-center cohort study was conducted to evaluate the association between soda consumption and risk of diabetes. At baseline, participants were asked about their typical soda consumption, and individuals who reported consuming 3 or more sodas per week were considered exposed. Participants were followed for 10 years, and the following results were obtained: Incident Cases of Diabetes 356 236 Person-Years Contributed 3+ sodas a week 375234 <3 sodas a week 399763 a) Name the appropriate measure of association corresponding to the excess rate of diabetes attributable to soda consumption among subjects who consume 3+ sodas per week. Calculate this measure (shown as a rate, using the correct units), and provide a brief interpretation of your answer b) Calculate the…arrow_forward1) Soda consumption is very common in the U.S. For the purposes of this question, assume that 30% of the population consumes the equivalent of 3 or more 12 oz. sodas per week (this is the prevalence of the exposure). A large multi-center cohort study was conducted to evaluate the association between soda consumption and risk of diabetes. At baseline, participants were asked about their typical soda consumption, and individuals who reported consuming 3 or more sodas per week were considered exposed. Participants were followed for 10 years, and the following results were obtained: Incident Cases of Diabetes 356 236 Person-Years Contributed <3 sodas/wk: 3+ sodas a week <3 sodas a week a) Was this a prospective study or a retrospective study, and was it a general cohort or a specific exposure cohort? 375234 399763 b) Name the appropriate measure of disease (morbidity) frequency and calculate this measure for each group 3+ sodas/wk: c) Name the appropriate relative measure of association…arrow_forwardNCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forward
- It is well known that a placebo, a fake medication or treatment, can sometimes have a positive effect just because patients often expect the medication or treatment to be helpful. An article gave examples of a less familiar phenomenon, the tendency for patients informed of possible side effects to actually experience those side effects. The article cited a study in which a group of patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia is randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of size 60 received a compound of proven efficacy along with counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction. The other subgroup of size 50 is given the same treatment without counseling. The percentage of the no-counseling subgroup that reported one or more sexual side effects is 16%, whereas 40% of the counseling subgroup reported at least one sexual side effect. State and test the appropriate hypotheses at significance level 0.05 to decide whether the nocebo effect is…arrow_forwardIt is well known that a placebo, a fake medication or treatment, can sometimes have a positive effect just because patients often expect the medication or treatment to be helpful. An article gave examples of a less familiar phenomenon, the tendency for patients informed of possible side effects to actually experience those side effects. The article cited a study in which a group of patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia is randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of size 60 received a compound of proven efficacy along with counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction. The other subgroup of size 50 is given the same treatment without counseling. The percentage of the no-counseling subgroup that reported one or more sexual side effects is 16%, whereas 40% of the counseling subgroup reported at least one sexual side effect. State and test the appropriate hypotheses at significance level 0.05 to decide whether the nocebo effect is…arrow_forwardNCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forward
- It is well known that a placebo, a fake medication or treatment, can sometimes have a positive effect just because patients often expect the medication or treatment to be helpful. An article gave examples of a less familiar phenomenon, the tendency for patients informed of possible side effects to actually experience those side effects. The article cited a study in which a group of patients diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia is randomly divided into two subgroups. One subgroup of size 60 received a compound of proven efficacy along with counseling that a potential side effect of the treatment is erectile dysfunction. The other subgroup of size 50 is given the same treatment without counseling. The percentage of the no-counseling subgroup that reported one or more sexual side effects is 16%, whereas 45% of the counseling subgroup reported at least one sexual side effect. State and test the appropriate hypotheses at significance level 0.05 to decide whether the nocebo effect is…arrow_forwardNCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forwardNCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Calculus For The Life SciencesCalculusISBN:9780321964038Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)AlgebraISBN:9781305652231Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff HughesPublisher:Cengage Learning
Calculus For The Life Sciences
Calculus
ISBN:9780321964038
Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.
Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,
Big Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...
Algebra
ISBN:9781680331141
Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT
Publisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...
Algebra
ISBN:9780079039897
Author:Carter
Publisher:McGraw Hill
College Algebra (MindTap Course List)
Algebra
ISBN:9781305652231
Author:R. David Gustafson, Jeff Hughes
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Hypothesis Testing - Solving Problems With Proportions; Author: The Organic Chemistry Tutor;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76VruarGn2Q;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals (FRM Part 1 – Book 2 – Chapter 5); Author: Analystprep;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vth3yZIUlGQ;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY