You want to figure out whether it is safe to touch the outside surface of the pipe in question. Here are the details: "A stainless steel pipe is carrying hot water to a test facility. The inside surface of the pipe is at a temperature of 70°C and the inner radius is 0.2 m. The thickness of the steel pipe is 12 mm. It is exposed to air at 30°C on the outside. The average convection coefficient of air over the pipe is 15 W/m².°C. Thermal conductivity of steel is 54 W/m-°C. Negelect radiation. Consider steady conditions." Calculate, assuming a 1-m long pipe segmen, the temperature of the outside surface of the pipe.

In the arctic sea, the ice sheets are melting. Let's calculate the temperautre distribution in one such ice sheet. The sheet is 2 m thick. Under the sheet there is ice-water mixture and it can be assumed that the temperature of the bottom surface of the ice sheet is approximately 0°C. Air at -20°C is blowing above the sheet. The convection coefficient of air is 15 W/m².K. The thermal conductivity of ice is 2.2 W/m.K. What is the temperautre of icesheet at its center (i.e., at 1 m from the surface)?

An industrial cold room has four 200 mm thick walls made of concrete. The walls are insulated on the outside with a layer of foam 60 mm thick. Cladding with a thickness of 15 mm protects the foam on the outside from the elements. The composite wall surface temperatures are –3 °C on the inside and 18 °C on the outside of the room respectively. The thermal conductivities of concrete, foam and cladding are 0.75, 0.35 and 0.5 W/m K respectively.   Assuming perfect thermal contact between the layers of the composite walls, draw the typical temperature distribution across the layers and determine the heat energy gained per hour through all 4 walls of the room with a total surface area of 20 m2. What does this heat energy represent in terms of the refrigeration system of the cold room?