Write one difference in each of the following:(i) Lyophobic sol and Lyophilic sol(ii) Solution and Colloid(iii) Homogeneous catalysis and Heterogeneous catalysis
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Write one difference in each of the following:
(i) Lyophobic sol and Lyophilic sol
(ii) Solution and Colloid
(iii) Homogeneous catalysis and Heterogeneous catalysis
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- Write one difference in each of the following:(a) Multimolecular colloid and Associated colloid(b) Coagulation and Peptization(c) Homogeneous catalysis and Hetero-geneous catalysis.(i) Differentiate between adsorption and absorption.(ii) Out of MgCl2 and AlCl3 which one is more effective in causing coagulation of negatively charged sol and why?(iii) Out of sulphur sol and proteins, which one forms multimolecular colloids?(a) The heat evolved upon dissolution of atmospheric ozone into water is determined to be +5 kcal/mol at 298 K. Given that ozone has a Henry’s constant of 9.4 × 10−3 mol/L/atm at 298 K, determine its Henry’s constant at 273 K. Note that the definition of Henry’s constant is for the process air to water. (b) If the atmospheric ozone concentration in a polluted air is 100 ppbv, what is the concentration in equilibrium with a body of water in that region at 298 K? Note that you need to assume no losses of ozone other than absorption into water
- You carry out an experiment on the physical properties of 3 organic compounds and observe the following data: Substance Solubility in Water medium Compound A low Compound B high Compound C You know that the 3 organic compounds are an alkene, ketone and alcohol of equal hydrocarbon length. Match the compounds above to their specific organic compound type based upon their solubility. And give a structural reason for the solubility observations that are observed. (I:3) Substance Identity Reason Compound A Compound B Compound C(c) Are the strengths of the interactions between the particles in the solute and between the particles in the solvent before the solute and solvent are combined greater than, less than, or equal to the strengths of the interactions between solute particles and solvent particles after dissolution? Explain.(a) Which will adsorb more gas, a lump of charcoal or its powder and why? (b) Describe the preparation of the following colloidal solutions. Name the method used in each case: (i) Silver sol (ii) Sulphur sol
- Write notes on any two of the followings (a) Elevation of boiling point of a solution (b) Thermodynamic considerations of equilibrium constant (c) Langmuir adsorption isotherm.A colloid is at least two-phase system that contains dispersed particles, ranging from molecular size to coarse dispersions (~ 1 nm to 0.5-1 μm), in a continuous phase. (i) Discuss the advantages of colloidal preparations as pharmaceutical formulations. (ii) Discuss the pharmaceutical and biological applications of colloids. In your discussion provide at least FIVE examples of colloids used in pharmacy and give information on the relevant pharmaceutical drug delivery systems as well as the route of administration.(a) Figure 4 shows a phase diagram for the Nb-80 wt% W alloy which is solidified under nonequilibrium conditions. Evaluate (i) the liquidus temperature (ii) the non-equilibrium solidus temperature (iii) the freezing range (iv) the composition of the first solid form during solidification (v) the composition of the last liquid to solidify (vi) the phase(s) present, the composition of the phase(s) and the amount of the phase(s) at 3000 °C (vii) the phase(s) present, the composition of the phase(s) and the amount of the phase(s) at 2800 °C. Temperature (°C) 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 T Nb 20 L 60 Weight percent tungsten Figure 4: The equilibrium phase diagram for the Nb-W system. The dotted curve shows a nonequilibrium solidus. 40 a 80 W
- Calculate the amount of ester, CH3COOCHs formed when 2.00 moles of ethanoic acid,CH3COOH and 2.00 moles of ethanol, C2HsOH are allowed to come to equilibrium at 300 K CH3CO0C2Hs(aq) + H2O(1) Kc=4.12 (ANS = nCH3COOCHs= 1.414 mole; mass CH3COOC2Hs= 124.43 g)3. A sealed glass vial is prepared with 4 mL of air and 36 mL of water. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is added to the water to create an initial aqueous phase concentration of 100 ppb (a) (b) After the system equilibrates, what will the concentration of TCE be in the aqueous phase (in µg/L)? Determine the % mass partitioning of TCE between the water and the air when equilibrium is established. (c) If a quantity of TCE is accidentally spilled into a well-mixed river, where would you expect most of the TCE to end up in the short term - in the air or in the water? Explain.Referring to Fig. 5.8, deduce the molar solubility of (i) NH4Cl, (ii) (NH4)2SO4 in water at 25 °C.