Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter17: Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define the following: a. spontaneous process b. entropy c. positional probability d. system e.... Problem 2RQ: What is the second law of thermodynamics? For any process, there are four possible sign combinations... Problem 3RQ: What determines Ssurr for a process? To calculate Ssurr at constant pressure and temperature, we use... Problem 4RQ: The free energy change, G, for a process at constant temperature and pressure is related to Suniv... Problem 5RQ: What is the third law of thermodynamics? What are standard entropy values, S, and how are these S... Problem 6RQ: What is the standard free energy change, G, for a reaction? What is the standard free energy of... Problem 7RQ: If you calculate a value for G for a reaction using the values of Gf in Appendix 4 and get a... Problem 8RQ: Consider the equation G = G + RT ln(Q). What is the value of G for a reaction at equilibrium? What... Problem 9RQ: Even if G is negative, the reaction may not occur. Explain the interplay between the thermodynamics... Problem 10RQ: Discuss the relationship between wmax and the magnitude and sign of the free energy change for a... Problem 1ALQ: For the process A(l) A(g), which direction is favored by changes in energy probability? Positional... Problem 2ALQ: For a liquid, which would you expect to be larger, Sfusion or Sevaporation? Why? Problem 3ALQ: Gas A2 reacts with gas B2 to form gas AB at a constant temperature. The bond energy of AB is much... Problem 4ALQ: What types of experiments can be carried out to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous? Does... Problem 5ALQ: A friend tells you, Free energy G and pressure P are related by the equation G = G + RT ln(P). Also,... Problem 6ALQ Problem 7ALQ: Predict the sign of S for each of the following and explain. a. the evaporation of alcohol b. the... Problem 8ALQ: Is Ssurr favorable or unfavorable for exothermic reactions? Endothermic reactions? Explain. Problem 9ALQ: At 1 atm, liquid water is heated above 100C. For this process, which of the following choices (iiv)... Problem 10ALQ Problem 11Q: The synthesis of glucose directly from CO2 and H2O and the synthesis of proteins directly from amino... Problem 12Q: When the environment is contaminated by a toxic or potentially toxic substance (for example, from a... Problem 13Q: Entropy has been described as times arrow. Interpret this view of entropy. Problem 14Q: Human DNA contains almost twice as much information as is needed to code for all the substances... Problem 15Q: A mixture of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas remains unreacted until it is exposed to ultraviolet... Problem 16Q: Consider the following potential energy plots: a. Rank the reactions from fastest to slowest and... Problem 17Q: Ssurr is sometimes called the energy disorder term. Explain. Problem 18Q: Given the following illustration, what can be said about the sign of S for the process of solid NaCl... Problem 20Q: The melting point for carbon diselenide (CSe2) is 46C. At a temperature of 75C, predict the signs... Problem 21Q: The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero. In... Problem 22Q: The deciding factor on why HF is a weak acid and not a strong acid like the other hydrogen halides... Problem 23Q: List three different ways to calculate the standard free energy change, G, for a reaction at 25C.... Problem 24Q: What information can be determined from G for a reaction? Does one get the same information from G,... Problem 25Q: Monochloroethane (C2H5Cl) can be produced by the direct reaction of ethane gas (C2H6) with chlorine... Problem 26Q: Consider the following relationships: G = 1, H = TS, Q = 1. G = G, K = 1 Which of these... Problem 27Q: Consider the reaction N2O2(g) 2NO2(g) where PNO2=0.29 atm and PN2O4=1.6. For this reaction at these... Problem 28Q: At 1500 K, the process I2(g)2I(g)10atm10atm is not spontaneous. However, the process... Problem 29E: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? a. Salt dissolves in H2O. b. A clear solution... Problem 30E: Which of the following processes are spontaneous? a. A house is built. b. A satellite is launched... Problem 31E: Table 16-1 shows the possible arrangements of four molecules in a two-bulbed flask. What are the... Problem 32E: Consider the following illustration of six molecules of gas in a two-bulbed flask. a. What is the... Problem 33E: Consider the following energy levels, each capable of holding two particles: Draw all the possible... Problem 34E: Redo Exercise 29 with two particles A and B, which can be distinguished from each other. Problem 35E: Choose the substance with the larger positional probability in each case. a. 1 mole of H2 (at STP)... Problem 36E: Which of the following involve an increase in the entropy of the system? a. melting of a solid b.... Problem 37E: Predict the sign of Ssurr for the following processes. a. H2O(l) H2O(g) b. I2(g) I2(s) Problem 38E: Calculate Ssurr for the following reactions at 25C and 1 atm. a. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)... Problem 39E: Given the values of H and S, which of the following changes will be spontaneous at constant T and p?... Problem 40E: At what temperatures will the following processes be spontaneous? a. H = 18 kJ and S = 60. J/K b. H... Problem 41E: Ethanethiol (C2H5SH; also called ethyl mercaptan) is commonly added to natural gas to provide the... Problem 42E: For mercury, the enthalpy of vaporization is 58.51 kJ/mol and the entropy of vaporization is 92.92... Problem 43E: For ammonia (NH3), the enthalpy of fusion is 5.65 kJ/mol and the entropy of fusion is 28.9 J/K mol.... Problem 44E: The enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.7 kJ/mol at its boiling point (78C). Determine Ssys,... Problem 45E: Predict the sign of S for each of the following changes. Assume all equations are balanced. a. b. c.... Problem 46E: Predict the sign of S for each of the following changes. a. K(s) + 12Br2(g) KBr(s) b. N2(g) +... Problem 47E: For each of the following pairs of substances, which substance has the greater value of S? a.... Problem 48E: For each of the following pairs, which substance has the greater value of S? a. N2O (at 0 K) or He... Problem 49E: Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for each of the following reactions. a. 2H2S (g) + SO2(g)... Problem 50E: Predict the sign of S and then calculate S for each of the following reactions. a. H2(g) + 12O2(g) ... Problem 51E: For the reaction C2H2(g)+4F2(g)2CF4(g)+H2(g) S is equal to 358 J/K. Use this value and data from... Problem 52E: For the reaction CS2(g)+3O2(g)CO2(g)+2SO2(g) S is equal to 143 J/K. Use this value and data from... Problem 53E: It is quite common for a solid to change from one structure to another at a temperature below its... Problem 54E: Two crystalline forms of white phosphorus are known. Both forms contain P4 molecules, but the... Problem 55E: Consider the reaction 2O(g)O2(g) a. Predict the signs of H and S. b. Would the reaction be more... Problem 56E: Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially by the following exothermic reaction:... Problem 57E: From data in Appendix 4, calculate H, S, and G for each of the following reactions at 25C. a. CH4(g)... Problem 59E: The major industrial use of hydrogen is in the production of ammonia by the Haber process:... Problem 60E: For the reaction at 298 K, 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) the values of H and S are 58.03 kJ and 176.6 J/K,... Problem 61E: At 100C and 1.00 atm, H = 40.6 kJ/mol for the vaporization of water. Estimate G for the vaporization... Problem 62E: For the sublimation of iodine at 25C I2(s) I2(g) the values of H and G are, respectively, 62 kJ and... Problem 63E: Given the following data: 2H2(g)+C(s)CH4(g)G=51kJ2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(l)G=474kJC(s)+O2(g)CO2G=394kJ... Problem 64E: Given the following data:... Problem 65E: For the reaction SF4(g)+F2(g)SF6(g) the value of G is 374 kJ. Use this value and data from Appendix... Problem 66E: The value of G for the reaction 2C4H10(g)+13O2(g)8CO2(g)+10H2O(l) is 5490. kJ. Use this value and... Problem 67E: Consider the reaction Fe2O3(s)+3H2(g)2Fe(s)+3H2O(g) a. Use Gf values in Appendix 4 to calculate G... Problem 68E: Consider the reaction 2POCl3(g)2PCl3(g)+O2(g) a. Calculate G for this reaction. The Gfvalues for... Problem 69E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, S and G for the following reactions that produce acetic... Problem 70E: Consider two reactions for the production of ethanol:... Problem 71E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for the reaction NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) for these... Problem 72E: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate G for the reaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3Srhombic(s)+2H2O(g) for the... Problem 73E: Consider the reaction 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) For each of the following mixtures of reactants and products at... Problem 74E: Consider the following reaction: N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g) Calculate G for this reaction under the... Problem 75E: One of the reactions that destroys ozone in the upper atmosphere is NO(g)+O3(g)NO2(g)+O2(g) Using... Problem 76E: Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from natural gas by the reaction 2H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(s)+2H2O(g)... Problem 77E: Consider the following reaction at 25.0C: 2NO2(g)N2O4(g) The values of H and S are 58.03 kJ/mol and... Problem 78E: The standard free energies of formation and the standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K for... Problem 79E: Calculate G forH2O(g)+12O2(g)H2O2(g) at 600. K, using the following data:... Problem 80E: The Ostwald process for the commercial production of nitric acid involves three steps:... Problem 81E: Cells use the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated as ATP, as a source of energy.... Problem 82E: One reaction that occurs in human metabolism is For this reaction G= 14 kJ at 25c. a. Calculate K... Problem 83E: Consider the following reaction at 800. K: N2(g)+3F2(g)2NF3(g) An equilibrium mixture contains the... Problem 84E: Consider the following reaction at 298 K: 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) An equilibrium mixture contains O2(g)... Problem 85E: Consider the relationship In(K)=HRT+SR The equilibrium constant for some hypothetical process was... Problem 86E: The equilibrium constant K for the reaction 2CI(g)CI2(g) was measured as a function of temperature... Problem 87E: A reaction has K = 1.9 1014 at 25C and K = 9.1 103 at 227C. Predict the signs for G, H and S for... Problem 89AE: Using Appendix 4 and the following data, determine S for Fe(CO)5(g).... Problem 90AE: Some water is placed in a coffee-cup calorimeter. When 1.0 g of an ionic solid is added, the... Problem 91AE: A green plant synthesizes glucose by photosynthesis, as shown in the reaction: 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ... Problem 92AE: When most biological enzymes are heated, they lose their catalytic activity. This process is called... Problem 93AE: Acrylonitrile is the starting material used in tire manufacture of acrylic fibers (U.S. annual... Problem 94AE: Calculate the entropy change for the vaporization of liquid methane and liquid hexane using the... Problem 95AE: As O2(l) is cooled at 1 atm, it freezes at 54.5 K to form solid I. At a lower temperature, solid I... Problem 96AE: Consider the following reaction: H2O(g)+CI2O(g)2HOCI(g)K298=0.090 For Cl2O(g),... Problem 97AE: Using the following data, calculate the value of Ksp for Ba(NO3)2, one of the least soluble of the... Problem 98AE: Many biochemical reactions that occur in cells require relatively high concentrations of potassium... Problem 99AE: Carbon monoxide is toxic because it bonds much more strongly to the iron in hemoglobin (Hgb) than... Problem 100AE: In the text, the equation G=G+RTIn(Q) was derived for gaseous reactions where the quantities in Q... Problem 101AE Problem 102AE: Use the equation in Exercise 79 to determine H and S for the autoionization of water:... Problem 103AE Problem 104AE: Consider the following diagram of free energy (G) versus fraction of A reacted in terms of moles for... Problem 105CWP Problem 106CWP: For rubidium Hvapo=69.0KJ/mol at 686C, its boiling point. Calculate S, q, w, and E for the... Problem 107CWP: Given the thermodynamic data below, calculate S and Ssurr for the following reaction at 25C and 1... Problem 108CWP: Consider the reaction: H2S(g)+SO2(g)3S(g)+2H2O(l) for which H is 233 kJ and S is 424 J/K. a.... Problem 109CWP: The following reaction occurs in pure water: H2O(l)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+OH-(aq) which is often... Problem 110CWP Problem 111CWP: Consider the reaction: PCl3(g)+Cl2(g)PCl5(g) At 25C, H = 92.50 kJ. Which of the following statements... Problem 112CWP: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature... Problem 113CP: Consider two perfectly insulated vessels. Vessel 1 initially contains an ice cube at 0C and water at... Problem 114CP: Liquid water at 25C is introduced into an evacuated, insulated vessel. Identify the signs of the... Problem 115CP: Using data from Appendix 4, calculate H, G, and K (at 298 K) for the production of ozone from... Problem 116CP: Entropy can be calculated by a relationship proposed by Ludwig Boltzmann: S=kIn(W) where k = 1.38 ... Problem 117CP: a. Using the free energy profile for a simple one-step reaction, show that at equilibrium K = kf/kr,... Problem 118CP: Consider the reaction H2(g)+Br2(g)2HBr(g) where H = 103.8 kJ/mol. In a particular experiment, equal... Problem 119CP: Consider the system A(g)B(g) at25C. a. Assuming that GAo=8996J/molandGBo=11,718J/mol, calculate the... Problem 120CP: The equilibrium constant for a certain reaction decreases from 8.84 to 3.25 102 when the... Problem 121CP: If wet silver carbonate is dried in a stream of hot air. the air must have a certain concentration... Problem 122CP: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and benzene (C6H6) form ideal solutions. Consider an equimolar solution... Problem 123CP: Sodium chloride is added to water (at 25C) until it is saturated. Calculate the Cl concentration in... Problem 124CP: You have a 1.00-L sample of hot water (90.0C) sitting open in a 25.0C room. Eventually the water... Problem 125CP: Consider a weak acid, HX. If a 0.10-M solution of HX has a pH of 5.83 at 25C. what is G for the... Problem 126CP: The vaporization of ethanol C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(g) at its normal boiling point, 351 K, has S = 110.... Problem 128IP: Some nonelectrolyte solute (molar mass = 142 g/mol) was dissolved in 150. mL of a solvent (density =... Problem 129IP: For the equilibrium A(g)+2B(g)C(g) the initial concentrations are [A] = [B] = [C] = 0.100 atm. Once... Problem 130IP: What is the pH of a 0. 125-M solution of the weak base B if H= 28.0 kJ and S= 175 J/K for the... Problem 131MP: Impure nickel, refined by smelting sulfide ores in a blast furnace, can be converted into metal from... Problem 128IP: Some nonelectrolyte solute (molar mass = 142 g/mol) was dissolved in 150. mL of a solvent (density =...
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The osmotic pressure of a solution of polystyrene in toluene (methylbenzene} was measured at 25 °C with the following results:-3 ) 2.042 6.613 9.521 12.602∏ /Pa 58.3 188.2 270.8 354.6polymer .
Definition Definition Large and very high-molecular-weight substances that consist of hundreds to thousands of repeating units. Polymers are also known as macromolecules. Number-average-molecular weight is the measuring system for the polymers.
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