With all the sex that occurs in the media, why doesn’t anybody on the soaps or in movies get an STI? (Similarly, hardly anyone gets pregnant unless it’s a made-for-TV movie on the subject.) What messages do they convey about STIs and risk taking? Feel free to reference specific shows/movies. Who should be responsible for safe sex? Should women take a more active role given that most contraceptive methods are made for women? What can men do to encourage safe sex? Discuss the difference between HIV and AIDS.
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- As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Would you recommend that testing of female athletes be continued to ensure that males do not compete as females? Or should all such testing be banned?As outlined in this chapter, sex can be defined at several levels: chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic. To this we can add psychological sex, the sex one believes themselves to be. Determining someones sex is a complex issue that is often difficult to resolve, as the case of Bruce Reimer (see Section 7.1) illustrates. In spite of the complexity surrounding this issue, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAFF) still use sex testing on female athletes to determine whether they can compete in athletic events as females. This has led to serious personal, social, and legal issues, and the practice has been widely condemned and widely defended. Lets examine two such cases here. An Indian athlete, Santhi Soundarajan, finished second in the 800-meter run at the Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in 2006. After the race, she was asked to take a sex test. According to press reports, the tests showed that she appeared to have abnormal chromosomes. An official stated that she had more Y chromosomes than allowed. As a result, she was stripped of her medal, banned from further competition by the Indian Olympic Association, and shunned by her local community. Before the race in Doha, Santhi had competed in 8 international competitions and won 12 medals. Sometime after this incident, she attempted suicide. She now runs a training school for athletes in Tamil Nadu, India. Although the number and types of tests done on Santhi have not been revealed, such tests usually involve examination of the external genitals, a chromosome analysis, and measurement of hormone levels. Suppose you were on the committee deciding whether Santhi could compete as a female. Consider each of the following hypothetical tests one at a time and base your conclusions only on the results of that test. The results of a physical examination show she has female genitals. On this basis, would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female in future races? Suppose the results of a chromosomal analysis shows that she has an XY chromosome set and is chromosomally male. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete as a female? Lastly, suppose a test for hormone levels shows that she has levels of the male sex hormone testosterone that are higher than average for females but at least 10 times lower than the average for males. Would you allow her to keep her medal and compete in future races as a female? Now, put the results of all three tests together, and consider them as a whole. What are your conclusions? Now, lets consider the case of a South African runner, Caster Semenya, who won the 800-meter run at the World Championships held in Berlin, Germany, in 2009. After the race, she was asked to undergo sex testing. The IAAF stated that the tests were requested to ascertain whether she had a rare medical condition that gave her an unfair physical advantage. The nature of the tests and their results were not released, but press reports indicate that she did not have ovaries or a uterus, and had testosterone levels intermediate between the averages for males and females. In the end, the IAAF agreed to keep the results of her tests confidential, and Caster was allowed to keep her medal and return to international competition in 2010. In both cases, what the IAAF considers the threshold for determining who can compete as a female has not been stated. Based on what is known about the test results in this case and the hypothetical tests in the first case, do you think the outcome in each case was fair?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WMuzhQXJoY&ab_channel=TEDxTalks Question: Do some quick research and find an article, website, blog that represents the views of the "Men's Rights Movement" (please attach the article) What are your thoughts about the subject matter in the context of Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy? What about in terms of Reproductive Justice?
- Each one of the different contraceptive methods has its pros and cons. Give an example of a method listed below and cite the pros and cons behind its use. Method of Contraception Example Pros Cons Natural Hormonal Barrier Permanent The debate on contraception is based on arguments emerging from the traditional and bioethical positions on contraception. Evaluate whether those positions are philosophically or ethically viable. Make a stand regarding the issue on the basis of your personal beliefs and convictions.Adeline, a 24-year-old graduate student presents to her Family Medicine Clinic for contraceptive counseling. She and her fiancé, Josh, are planning to be married in approximately 3 months, but they’re not ready for kids just yet. Adeline states that they have been in a monogamous sexual relationship for the past 2 years; their primary method of contraception was inconsistent use of male condoms. She is here today to be evaluated for the use of hormonal contraceptives. The patient states she began menses at age 14, with irregular cycles of 25–36 days in length. Her last menses was 2 weeks ago. The patient states she has heard about contraceptive options that “keep you from having a period,” and she wants to know more about those options, and if they would be okay for her to try. She has a history of migraine headaches without aura or focal neurologic symptoms, but it is well controlled for the past 6 months on prophylactic therapy. Her mother is 52 years old, has HTN and osteoporosis.…Adeline, a 24-year-old graduate student presents to her Family Medicine Clinic for contraceptive counseling. She and her fiancé, Josh, are planning to be married in approximately 3 months, but they’re not ready for kids just yet. Adeline states that they have been in a monogamous sexual relationship for the past 2 years; their primary method of contraception was inconsistent use of male condoms. She is here today to be evaluated for the use of hormonal contraceptives. The patient states she began menses at age 14, with irregular cycles of 25–36 days in length. Her last menses was 2 weeks ago. The patient states she has heard about contraceptive options that “keep you from having a period,” and she wants to know more about those options, and if they would be okay for her to try. She has a history of migraine headaches without aura or focal neurologic symptoms, but it is well controlled for the past 6 months on prophylactic therapy. Her mother is 52 years old, has HTN and osteoporosis.…
- Adeline, a 24-year-old graduate student presents to her Family Medicine Clinic for contraceptive counseling. She and her fiancé, Josh, are planning to be married in approximately 3 months, but they’re not ready for kids just yet. Adeline states that they have been in a monogamous sexual relationship for the past 2 years; their primary method of contraception was inconsistent use of male condoms. She is here today to be evaluated for the use of hormonal contraceptives. The patient states she began menses at age 14, with irregular cycles of 25–36 days in length. Her last menses was 2 weeks ago. The patient states she has heard about contraceptive options that “keep you from having a period,” and she wants to know more about those options, and if they would be okay for her to try. She has a history of migraine headaches without aura or focal neurologic symptoms, but it is well controlled for the past 6 months on prophylactic therapy. Her mother is 52 years old, has HTN and osteoporosis.…Adeline, a 24-year-old graduate student presents to her Family Medicine Clinic for contraceptive counseling. She and her fiancé, Josh, are planning to be married in approximately 3 months, but they’re not ready for kids just yet. Adeline states that they have been in a monogamous sexual relationship for the past 2 years; their primary method of contraception was inconsistent use of male condoms. She is here today to be evaluated for the use of hormonal contraceptives. The patient states she began menses at age 14, with irregular cycles of 25–36 days in length. Her last menses was 2 weeks ago. The patient states she has heard about contraceptive options that “keep you from having a period,” and she wants to know more about those options, and if they would be okay for her to try. She has a history of migraine headaches without aura or focal neurologic symptoms, but it is well controlled for the past 6 months on prophylactic therapy. Her mother is 52 years old, has HTN and osteoporosis.…Adeline, a 24-year-old graduate student presents to her Family Medicine Clinic for contraceptive counseling. She and her fiancé, Josh, are planning to be married in approximately 3 months, but they’re not ready for kids just yet. Adeline states that they have been in a monogamous sexual relationship for the past 2 years; their primary method of contraception was inconsistent use of male condoms. She is here today to be evaluated for the use of hormonal contraceptives. The patient states she began menses at age 14, with irregular cycles of 25–36 days in length. Her last menses was 2 weeks ago. The patient states she has heard about contraceptive options that “keep you from having a period,” and she wants to know more about those options, and if they would be okay for her to try. She has a history of migraine headaches without aura or focal neurologic symptoms, but it is well controlled for the past 6 months on prophylactic therapy. Her mother is 52 years old, has HTN and osteoporosis.…
- Which method is most applicable and effective for birth control among Filipinos nowadays? Which method can best prevent sexually transmitted diseases? And, How can people encourage the fellow citizens to become socially responsible and help in solving problems of the society that arise from lack of responsible family planning?You are working as a relief pharmacist in a community pharmacy. You notice that Christie, the 17-year-old daughter of a very close family friend, is receiving prescriptions for oral contraceptives and for the treatment of a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Apparently, Christie has been hanging out with a group of students whom her parents disapprove of and have forbidden her to see. You are very concerned about Christie and wonder whether her use of oral contraceptives may lead her to forego the use of condoms that could offer protection from STDS. When Christie enters the pharmacy to pick up her prescriptions, she becomes upset at seeing you and hurries out, refusing to talk to you. You know that if you were in her parents' shoes, you would want to know about the prescriptions. You are convinced that Christie is in trouble and needs the help of her family. QUESTION: What alternative would choose and why and How would you proceed in carrying out your decision?Read each of the descriptions below. Then click and drag each to the appropriate category to identify whether it pertains to the male sexual response, the female sexual response, or both. Erectile tissue Tenting effect Female Orgasm presents gametes Vasocongestion Male Possible ejaculation Refractory period after orgasm Orgasmic platform Postorgasmic perspiration Submit Both
