Why should there be 3 banding techniques (G, Q, and R)? Aside from their differences in appearance and procedure, what is unique to each one of them? or what can one banding technique show that the others cannot?

In hybridizing microarrays, we use a solution that contains {3X SSC, 0.5% SDS, 5ug/ml salmon sperm DNA, 5% glycerol}. Describe how to make 100ul of this solution using stocks of 20X SSC, 10% SDS, and 10 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, sheared, in water. Note that Molecular Biology Grade H2O must be used in making up this solution.

Horizontal sequence :VIRL Vertical sequence:MKF   Scoring rules: g/o = -3, g/e = -1, match or mismatch - from PAM250 substitution matrix below.  NW algorithm.    1. Complete the scoring matrix.    Scoring matrix with PAM250 scores:   V I R L M         K         F           2. Set up, initialize and complete the NW matrix.  3. Retrace, align and score alignment(s).             Use the arrows and circles for the matrix and path(s).                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 V I R L             M           K           F           Align and score all optimal alignments here.  PLZ  the arrows and circles for the matrix and path(s) AND SHOW ALL possible Alignment

Why are there multiple results returned when you input a sequence into BLAT or BLAST? How do you know which is most relevant? Does that make the others irrelevant?

How would you estimate the size of the unknown DNA fragement just by looking at the gel?

How are DNA molecules visualized in a gel after electrophoresis? Why do DNA molecules migrate toward the + electrode? What determines the rate of their migration? What is the effect of PEG on DNA fragments of different sizes? How is this influenced by the concentration of PEG?