Which of the following would be expressed at varying levels during different parts of the cell cycle? A. cyclin-dependent kinases B. RNA polymerase C. cyclins D. Glycolysis enzymes
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- Which of the following statements is a lie?Select one: a. If damaged DNA is detected during the cell cycle, negative regulation is responsible in stopping the cell cycle. b. There are four cyclin proteins involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle and they have fluctuating levels. c. To activate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), they must bind to another kinase.When regulating the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells, a critical protein we discussed was cyclin. Cyclin is Select one: a. Always present in all stages of the cell cycle, but only active during the G1 - R transition b. Produced in response to signals for the cell to divide c. Produced only when retinoblastoma protein is inactivated d. Produced in response to the presence of cyclin-dependent kinasePredict the effects of the following mutations on the ability of a cell to undergo apoptosis:a. Mutation in Bad such that it cannot be phosphorylated by protein kinase B (PKB)b. Overexpression of Bcl-2c. Mutation in Bax such that it cannot form homodimersOne common characteristic of cancer cells is a loss of function in the apoptotic pathway. Which of the mutations listed above might you expect to find in some cancer cells?
- Part of G1 is for the cell to enlarge, this growth can cause internal signaling from desmosomes which may stop cell division. What is the connection between desmosomes and progression of the cell cycle? Select one: a. Desmosomes are linked to the MPF. When the cell grows it will turn on the MPF through the desmosomes which will turn off the APC, stopping cell division. b. Desmosomes have nothing to do with regulating the cell cycle. c. Desmosomes are linked to microfilaments that make up the cellular cortex. When pulled, they stop kinesins from walking on microtubules, halting cell division. d. Desmosomes are connected to intermediate filaments (the skeleton of the cell). As the cell grows, if the cell receives signals (mechanical through touching) from the desmosomes that there are cells on all sides, this will halt cell division at the G1 checkpoint as part of density-dependent inhibition.Which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a. The p21 is a multi-functional protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage on the cells undergoing the preparatory processes during G1. b. Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) need to be tightly bound with each other to regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating and activating other proteins to advance the cell to the next phase. c. The negative regulators halt the cell cycle and these include Retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21.The cell cycle contains a series of events that control the division of cells. It is controlled by which of the following: P. dephosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (S) Q. binding of CDK inhibitor proteins (R) R. cyclin synthesis and degradation (P) S. phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Q) R and S P, Q, R, and S Q and R P and Q
- Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases regulate progression through the cell cycle. Which of the following determines progression beyond the restriction point in G1? Select one: a. The presence of cyclin and Cdk. O b. The presence of cyclin. c. Phosphorylation of RB by Cdk. d. The presence of external signals from growth factors. e. The absence of cyclin.Upon learning about the mechanism of apoptosis, the question asked was; Is cytochrome c being released from mitochondria or is it being expressed by an induced nuclear gene and being produced in the cytosol. Which one of the following observations would provide the best evidence that it was being released from the mitochondria? Bcl2 blocks release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and also inhibits apoptosis Active Fas receptors trigger release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Extracellular signals that block apoptosis do not produce cytosolic cytochrome c Caspase inhibitors block release of cytochrome c from the mitochondriaVinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules, its effectiveness must be related to Select one: a. inhibition of DNA synthesis. O b. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. c. suppression of cyclin production. Od. inhibition of regulatory protein phosphorylation. O e. disruption of mitotic spindle formation. Next page
- You are studying three proteins that you think are important Yor progression through the cell cycle. You know that one of them is a phosphatase (P1) and the other two are kinases ( K1 and K2). You add these enzymes in different combinations as shown below, and find that they have different effects on the activity of a cyclin dependent kinase, cdk2p. cdk2p Inactive Active cdk2p + K1 cdk2p + K2 Inactive cdk2p + K1 + K2 Inactive cdk2p + P1 cdk2p + P1 + K2 cdk2p + P1 + K1 Inactive Inactive Active cdk2p + P1 + K1 + K2 ActiveWhich of the following is least likely to result in the formation of a cancerous cell? A Dysfunction results in the permanent activation of a cell division pathway in the absence of the appropriate ligand. B с D Separation of chromatids during mitosis occurs without all centromeres being attached to spindle fibers from both poles. A dysfunction in a cell cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase. A dysfunction causes the inability to produce cancer-suppressing proteins.You remove cyclin from a cell during G2 a single time and then leave the cell alone. What is the consequence? Group of answer choices A. the cells exits mitosis into G1 B. the cell can never enter mitosis C. the cell immediately enters mitosis D. the cell's entry into mitosis is delayed