Which of the following statements correctly describes how cells progress through the various stages of the cell cycle? Controlled expression and degradation of both cyclins and cdks Controlled expression and degradation of only cyclins Fixed time frame for each phase of the cell cycle independent of protein expression Controlled expression and degradation of only cdks
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- Which of the following statements correctly describes how cells progress through the various stages of the cell cycle? Controlled expression and degradation of both cyclins and cdks Controlled expression and degradation of only cyclins Fixed time frame for each phase of the cell cycle independent of protein expression O Controlled expression and degradation of only cdksWhen are cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) present inside the cell during the cell cycle? __________ When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle? __________ high right after mitosis and then rising throughout the cell cycle ; equally in all phases of the cell cycle low right after mitosis and then rising throughout the cell cycle ; equally in all phases of the cycle equally in all phases of the cycle ; high right after mitosis and then rising throughout the cell cycle equally in all phases of the cycle ; low right after mitosis and then rising throughout the cell cycleWhich of the following statements best describes the process of phase separation in cells? Proteins can assemble as liquid droplets that are not bounded by a membrane in either the cytoplasm or nucleus A protein can separate into different organelles dependent on the phase of the cell cycle Proteins that are assembled in one phase of the cell cycle and degraded in the next are said to undergo phase separation Signal sequences can target proteins assembled in the cytoplasm into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
- Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that monitor the integrity and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycle. Which of the following are true about cell cycle checkpoints? Select all that apply The M phase checkpoint examines whether all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules Progression through checkpoints is determined by the activation of cyclin dependent kinases bound to cyclins The G2 checkpoint is also called the restriction checkpoint O If a cell passes the G1 checkpoint, it irreversibly commits to complete the whole cell cycle and divideWhich of the following statement is NOT true? Cell cycle cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) are synthesized and degraded in every cell cycle O Activity of the S phase CDKs rise in the S phase and drops in the G2 and mitotic phase APC/C proteasome activity increases during mitotic phase and drops towards the end of the G1 phase G1/S cyclin protein amount rises in the G1 phase28. 28. Which of the following would be expressed at approximately equal levels throughout the cell cycle? Kinetochore proteins Cyclins Cohesins Cyclin-dependent kinases
- In mammalian cells, different cyclin-CDK complexes regulate progression of cells through the cell cycle. Which of the following would be true during the cell cycle? Select all that apply Cyclin D phosphorylates and activates MCM protein, a helicase Cyclin B phosphorylates and breaks down the nuclear lamina OThe anaphase promoting complex, or APC/C is phosphorylated and activated by cyclin B Cyclin D helps promotes passage through the restriction pointThe cell cycle contains a series of events that control the division of cells. It is controlled by which of the following: P. dephosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (S) Q. binding of CDK inhibitor proteins (R) R. cyclin synthesis and degradation (P) S. phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Q) R and S P, Q, R, and S Q and R P and QHow can defects in the regulation of cell-cyle checkpoints would affect cells and explain how these defects relate to uncontrolled division in cancer and cancer progression? Describe the movements of chromosomes and the status of the microtubules spindle during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase? Explain the movement of chromosomes during stages of meoisis to produce sperm and eggs?
- Cells move automatically through the G1, S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle. However, movement through the cycle is also controlled at various by internal and external factors that can either push the cell along the cycle or stop the cell from moving ahead in the cycle. O Checkpoints O Promoter regions Regulator regions O S locationsAfter DNA damage (e.g. caused by X-ray exposure) in eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle can be arrested by the stabilisation of the protein which drives the transcription of the gene, whose protein product interacts with the G1/S-Cdk and S-Cdk complexes. O PDGF, acetyltransferase O phenylalanine hydraxylase, PDGF O p53, acetyltransferase O p53, p21 O p21. p53Briefly describe the cell cycle, its checkpoints, and the general proteins required to move past each checkpoint. For each cell cycle checkpoint, be sure to describe what the cell is "checking for" and how this "check" occurs, along with the result if the checkpoint cannot be passed. Your answer should also include a description of the structure of MPF, its regulation, and its general targets or functions. Be sure to include any accessory molecules or proteins involved in regulation of MPF, while also describing the process by which MPF is formed and activated. In this answer, you should also choose two proteins involved in the cell cycle, which, if mutated, will cause cancer. Describe these proteins and their normal functions, and then show how a mutation in these proteins will result in cancer.