Which of the following molecules has the most pro-inflammatory activity? TXA2 swer PGE2 ered PGI2
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- Different hypersensitive responses can result from a bee sting. What type of hypersensitivity could account for each of the following reactions? Explain the mechanism in each case. After an insect sting, an individual experiences swelling and redness at the sting location within 1-2 minutes but this disappears within hour. an (ii) About 8 hours later, the same person experiences swelling and redness at the sting location. This persists for 4 hours.All of the followings are functions of lectins except one: H. Pylori adhesio to the stomach surface Neutrophil cell Migration to the site of inflammation O Mark protein for destruction O Structural component of GAGSKinase and coagulase are important for bacterial infections because they enable bacteria to move deeper into tissue by means of a blood clot. What type of virulence factors are these two enzymes? O Incomplete phagocytes Extracellular enzymes O Antiphagocytic factors O Endotoxins MacBook Air 888 F7 esc 4 6. 3 Q E F A
- Diacylglycerol activates which of the following? RTK PKA Adenylyl cyclase Ras PKCIt is often helpful to draw a complicated pathway in the form of a flow chart to visualize the multiple steps and the ways in which the steps are connected to each other. Draw the antibody-mediated immune response pathway that acts in response to an invading virus.Disorders of the Immune System Autoimmune disorders involve the breakdown of an essential property of the immune system. What is it? How does this breakdown cause juvenile diabetes?
- The formation of the C3 convertase is a key step in complement activation that occurs in all three complement pathways. This enzyme cleaves C3 in blood plasma, leading to a conformational change in the C3b fragment that exposes its reactive thioester group. The activated C3b is potentially harmful to the host, if it becomes covalently attached to a host cell, rather than to the surface of a pathogen. This deleterious outcome is largely avoided by: The inability of active C3b to diffuse away in the blood plasma. The inability of active C3b to covalently attach to the membranes of eukaryotic cells. The rapid hydrolysis of active C3b in solution, rendering it inactive. The tight binding of active C3b to the C3 convertase. The ability of active C3b to recruit phagocytic cells.Make an illustration that connects the events in inflammation mediated by chemical substances. Use the following words to come up with the output connected by arrows. 1. Modified proteins 16. C142356789 2. Kininogen 3. Prostaglandins 4. Clotting system 5. Antigen 17. Kallikrein 18. Platelets 19. Serotonin 20. Kinins 21. C1423 22. Anaphylotoxins 6. Lysosomal enzymes 7. Antibody 8. C1 9. Kallikreinogen 23. Chemotactic factor 24. Serum factors 10. C142 25. C14235 11. Antigen/Antibody 12. Cells migration 26. C1423567 27. Injurious stimuli 13. Histamine 28. Acute inflammation 14. Plasmin system 29. Increased vascular permeability 15. C3 30. Chronic inflammationThe alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin in the presence of pathogens. The alternative pathway of complement activation has an important role in innate immunity, due to its ability to greatly amplify the amount of C3b deposited onto the pathogen surface. This amplification occurs because: The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is much more active than those of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway works as a soluble enzyme in the plasma. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway cannot be inactivated by complement regulatory factors in the host. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is more efficiently recruited to pathogen surfaces than the C3 convertases of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway contains C3b, and can generate more of itself.
- Mannose binding lectins (MBL) and ficolins are the two classes of proteins that can initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation. These proteins are selective for activating complement on the surfaces of microbial pathogens rather than host cells because: Their higher-order oligomeric structure can be assembled only after the monomers first bind to pathogen membranes. They only recruit MASP (MBL-associated serine proteases) proteins when bound to pathogen surfaces and not when bound to host cells. They only undergo the conformational change needed to activate MASP proteins when bound to a pathogen and not when bound to a host cell. They only bind to carbohydrate side chains and oligosaccharide modifications found on pathogen surfaces but not on host cell membranes. The activated MASP proteins are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis when present on the surface of a host cell.Which of the following proteins serves a structural function (not an enzymatic function)? chymotrypsin thrombin elastase collagen trypsinToll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complement