Which of the following factors play a role in theoxygen–hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?a. temperatureb. pHc. BPGd. all of the above

According to Figure 17.10b, at a pH of 7.4, how much hemoglobin is unloaded in the tissue? 12% 24% 56% 72% 95%

It is not usually necessary to assess arterial blood gases when diagnosing and treating asthma. However, this information can sometimes be useful in severe asthma attacks. Suppose that a patient had a PO2 of 60mm hg and a PCo2 of 30mm hg when the patient first went to the emergency room. Explain how that could happen.

Which is true about the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? A decrease in pH decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen A decrease in temperature increases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen Oxygen unloads from hemoglobin when tissue PO2 decreases An increase in PCO2 decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen All of the above

(b) The diagram on the right illustrates the change in the p50 (partial pressure of O2 required to achieve 50% saturation) of hemoglobin and the 2,3-bis-phosphoglycerate (BPG) concentration in the erythrocytes of a person who spent 6 days hik- ing in the Andes Mountains of Peru. As the hiker climbs to higher and higher altitudes, the atmos- pheric pressure, including the partial pressure of O2, decreases. Yet the p50 increases, making it less favorable to achieve saturation of the hemo- globin. Explain. Pso (torr) Sea level 34 33- 32 31 30- 29 28 27 26 4530 m above- sea level (c) If individuals with the following mutant hemo- globins accompanied the hiker, evaluate the degree of respiratory distress that they would experience despite the increased erythrocyte BPG concentration. (In the ta- ble of mutants on the right, the mutation His(143)Asp, for instance, means that the His residue that occurs at se- quence position 143 on the ß-chain has been substituted by Asp.) Describe the…

The binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is...     Weaker at lower pHs     Stronger at lower pHs     Less cooperative at lower pHs       Independent of pH

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released to the tissues because: a decrease in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond a decrease in pH strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bon Oan increase in pH strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond an increase in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

What are the physiological advantages in sport due to using erythropoietin? What are the physiological consequences of using erythropoietin? Give an example of a Professional Athlete that used erythropoietin (Armstrong does not count).

Percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin 100 80 60 40 20 T 1 O 20 pH = 7.60 (increased affinity) 40 -pH = 7.40 pH = 7.20 (decreased affinity) 60 ... 80 100

Why does hemoglobin have high affinity for oxygen in arterial blood and lower affinity in capillaries beds? Explain in terms of blood oxygen pressure.